I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales

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    Reporte Anual 2012. Votaciones ambientales en el Congreso Nacional
    (Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, 2012) Arenas, Federico; Arriagada Cisternas, Rodrigo; Barton, Jonathan Richard; Cifuentes Lira, Luis Abdón; González Silva, Francisco Javier; Henríquez, Cristián; Jaksic Andrade, Fabián; Melo Contreras, Óscar; Reyes Mendy, Francisca; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; Castillo Carniglia, Isabel; Irarrázabal González, Verónica; Grupo Asesor en Medio Ambiente (GAMA)
    El presente informe, en su sexta versión, constituye el reporte anual elaborado en base ala información disponible en el sitio web http://votacionesambientales.uc.cl. En este sitiose concentra el proyecto Votaciones Ambientales, iniciado en 2005 y desde 2010 proyectoasociado al Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, y que cuenta, para el período 2012-2013, conel apoyo del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) a través del proyecto ATN/AA-13010-CH “Fomento a la Responsabilidad Ambiental en el Congreso de Chile”.1. Con la obtención del apoyo del BID se ha dado inicio a un período de revisión metodológica de los diversos componentes del proyecto, los que incluyen la revisión y estandarización del proceso de selección y evaluación de las leyes, la incorporación de nuevos elementos como el trabajo realizado en las Comisiones del Senado y de la Cámara de Diputados, la presentación de proyectos de ley, así como la complejización del actual puntaje de desempeño ambiental, el que incorporará ponderadores de las leyes y proyectos de ley según su importancia, entre otras novedades. Así, para el año2013 se espera contar con un nuevo ranking parlamentario que considere no solo las votaciones en sala –como ha sido hasta la fecha–, sino también otras instancias del trabajo legislativo como es la presentación de proyectos de ley en materias de relevancia ambiental.2. En el marco del mencionado proceso de cambio, el presente reporte constituye la última versión con la metodología actual que considera únicamente las votaciones en sala de leyes y proyectos de ley en al menos una de las Cámaras durante la legislatura 359, entre marzo de 2011 y marzo de 2012. En base a estas votaciones se presenta el puntaje de los parlamentarios como medida de su desempeño ambiental, calculado en base a las evaluaciones realizadas por el Grupo Asesor en Medio Ambiente (GAMA-UC). Este grupo analiza los textos de los proyectos y leyes respecto a su efecto esperado sobre el medio ambiente, considerando elementos tanto de la calidad y técnica legislativa como respecto a los instrumentos dados por la norma para lograr el objetivo buscado. Con todo, el espíritu que anima este reporte, así como sus versiones pasadas y futuras, es contribuir, desde la academia, a generar espacios de deliberación pública en temas de relevancia ambiental poniendo a disposición de la ciudadanía información del trabajo parlamentario en estas materias. Esto, con el objetivo de fortalecer la cadena de rendición de cuentas entre los ciudadanos y sus representantes, además de la participación y compromiso ciudadano en estos temas, con la firme convicción de que solo así los mecanismos virtuosos de nuestra democracia podrán operar.
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    Resource extraction and local justice in Chile: Conflicts over the commodification of spaces and the sustainable development of places
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Román Castillo, Alvaro Javier; Fløysand, Arnt
    As democracy has become more consolidated in Chile, there has been an emergence of socio-environmental conflicts, indicative of the desire of local actors to oppose large-scale projects associated with “national development” that do not satisfy local development needs. This can be seen as a conflict between two different visions of development, one based on local resources and sustainable development of places, the other based on nonlocal capital and the commodification of spaces. Chile remains wedded to natural resource extraction for its export-oriented economic model, despite its recognition as a Latin American “jaguar” economy since the early 1980s (Borregaard, Volpi, Blanco, Wautiez, & Matte-Baker, 1999). Over 80 percent of its exports are based on minerals, agriculture, and fisheries; most of these have a relatively low level of added value (ProChile, 2010). The intensity of extraction and harvesting to fuel this growth has led to concerns over the sustainability of different sectors and the economy itself. Since the return to democracy in 1990, these criticisms have become more vocal and globalization has facilitated international alliances to channel these claims (Kousary, Murray, & Barton, 2009; Martínez, 2003). These criticisms relate to environmental and social justice issues that can be defined as claims for local sustainable development.
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    Sustainable urban development in Santiago de Chile: background-concept-challenges
    (Springer, 2012) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Kopfmüller, Jürgen
    The main objective of this chapter is to reflect on one element of the conceptual frame for urban development analysis – the goal dimension of the sustainability vision – and its application to the case of Santiago de Chile. The chapter provides essential insights into the sustainability concept in general and the current situation, debates and controversies in Santiago de Chile in particular. Basic sustainability documents are discussed in terms of their local applicability and potential for associated programmes and activities. For the case of Santiago, political and institutional characteristics and current thematic priorities are outlined. The Helmholtz Integrative Sustainability Concept is tendered as an appropriate tool for sustainability analysis. Using indicators as a basic tool, application of the concept to the Santiago case within a broader conceptual landscape provides orientation for a variety of decision-makers. Initial findings on the translation of the concept into indicators and its application to several thematic fields are presented and the most urgent sustainability performance deficits, defined as risks for future development, are highlighted. Based on an overview of the current sustainability policy in the Santiago Metropolitan Region, future challenges are identified and practical recommendations put forward.
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    The Chilean wage: Mining and the Janus face of the Chilean development model
    (Palgrave Macmillan London, 2013) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Campero Díaz, Cecilia; Maher, Rajiv
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    The Political Ecology of Chilean Salmon Aquaculture, 1982-2010: a trajectory from economic development to global sustainability
    (2010) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Fløysand, Arnt
    Through the case of the salmon aquaculture sector in Chile, the risks involved in the development of a non-traditional export sector are reviewed, in order to point to failings (lessons not learned) and opportunities (lessons learned, new plans), and the changing scales of stakeholder interactions. In particular the paper highlights the ways in which sustainability considerations have gained ground in terms of evaluating sectoral development and what is expected from this development. These considerations have emerged as a result of the increasing globalisation of the sector, through investment, exports and international 'attention' from an increasingly diverse set of stakeholders. These sustainability considerations have generated a range of conflicts linked to these diverse actors. The actors are local, national and global, operating through alliances to bring pressure on others. The conflicts relate to environmental quality, foreign direct investment (FDI), local socio-economic development, regional development, national economic strategies, and new globalised issues relating to the production and consumption of foodstuffs. The contemporary panorama in the sector is significantly different from the early origins in the 1980s under the dictatorship - the period of 'the socio-ecological silence' - also different from the 1990s period of economic expansion - 'the economic imperative'. Over the past twenty-five years, the Chilean aquaculture sector has evolved from experimental production to a major global industry. Regulatory frameworks and civil society awareness and mobilisation have struggled to 'catch up' with the dynamism of the sector, however the gap has reduced and the future of the sector within the contemporary context of 'glocal' sustainability is now under the microscope: the 'sustainable globalisation perspective'. The collapse of the sector during the period 2008-2010 as a consequence of the ISA virus is a key moment with production severely diminished. The way out of the crisis, via new legislation and inspection regimes, will create a new structure of aquaculture governance. Nevertheless, the crisis marks a turning point in the industry, revealing the weaknesses built into the former productive system. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.