I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales

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    21 Propuestas de políticas públicas para disminuir las emisiones de CO2 en hogares de ciudades del centro – sur de Chile
    (Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales UC, 2021) Bergamini Ladron De Guevara, Kay Joaquin; Rojas Quezada, Carolina; Salazar Preece, Gonzalo Eduardo; Gutierrez Zamorano, Patricia Loreto; Ojeda Leal, Carolina Grace; Curillan Muñoz, Christian Ignacio; Insituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales
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    A bumpy ride: structural inequalities, quality standards, and institutional limitations affecting cycling infrastructure
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; Mora Vega, Rodrigo; Oyarzun, Gabriel; Vergara, Jaime; Vecchio, Giovanni; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Structural socio-economic and institutional limitations can affect the implementation of cycling infrastructure. More stringent cycling infrastructure standards aiming to solve deficiencies might exacerbate disparities, especially in poor districts with fragmentary governance. Using an audit and quantitative and spatial analysis of cycleways, this paper examines to what extent structural inequalities and governance issues affect the availability and quality of cycling infrastructure, considering new indicative and normative standards aiming at improving cycling infrastructure in Santiago, Chile. Our results show that the distribution of cycleways is unequal and only partially complies with national quality standards. All districts in the city have both high and low standard bicycle lanes, but since district finances have huge differences, this can lead to inequalities in cycle coverage and districts' capabilities to address current standard problems. This raises relevant challenges regarding governance and how to ensure an equitable distribution of cycling infrastructure in Global South cities.
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    A Critical-Empirical Approach to the Use of Demographic Methods and Sources in Urban Studies
    (wiley, 2021) Truffello Robledo, Ricardo Enrique; Rojas Marchini, Maria Fernanda; Flores, Mónica
    © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.This chapter discusses methods and sources in demography and urban studies from a critical-empirical perspective to reflect on 'how' and 'with what effects' these techniques, practices, and procedures have affected urban planning and policy interventions. It presents a general timeline of historical sources of demographic information while critically interrogating them by exploring Latin American cases. The chapter looks at Big Data's entrance into – and transformation of – demographic methods and urban policy interventions. Population studies and other demographic methods became fundamental tools in the twentieth century for conducting public policy design. Surveys are critical tools to evaluate demographic trends obtained from censuses and develop projections that complete time periods without exhaustive data. Space sampling surveys and large data bases of statistical systems have resulted from the development of methodologies to fill the gaps in administrative records. Sociologist, Sarah Brayne, claims that surveillance and Big Data have shown similar rising patterns during the last decade.
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    A global horizon scan for urban evolutionary ecology
    (2022) Verrelli, Brian C.; Alberti, Marina; Des Roches, Simone; Harris, Nyeema C.; Hendry, Andrew P.; Johnson, Marc T. J.; Savage, Amy M.; Charmantier, Anne; Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Govaert, Lynn; Miles, Lindsay S.; Rivkin, L. Ruth; Winchell, Kristin M.; Brans, Kristien I.; Correa, Cristian; Diamond, Sarah E.; Fitzhugh, Ben; Grimm, Nancy B.; Hughes, Sara; Marzluff, John M.; Munshi-South, Jason; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Santangelo, James S.; Schell, Christopher J.; Schweitzer, Jennifer A.; Szulkin, Marta; Urban, Mark C.; Zhou, Yuyu; Ziter, Carly; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The impact of urbanization on biodiversity has been well documented, yet research into the complex dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes in urban areas is still in its infancy. When novel research challenges emerge, a horizon scan exercise is an integrated approach that brings together global interdisciplinary-minded individuals to identify future research questions that can influence new collaborations and funding agenda. Our horizon scan identified 30 questions for future research in urban evolutionary ecology covering themes in fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes, temporal and spatial scales, sustainability, climate change, sociopolitical and ethical considerations, and innovation in technology. Research on the evolutionary ecology of urban areas reveals how human-induced evolutionary changes affect biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. In a rapidly urbanizing world imposing many selective pressures, a time-sensitive goal is to identify the emergent issues and research priorities that affect the ecology and evolution of species within cities. Here, we report the results of a horizon scan of research questions in urban evolutionary ecology submitted by 100 interdisciplinary scholars. We identified 30 top questions organized into six themes that highlight priorities for future research. These research questions will require methodological advances and interdisciplinary collaborations, with continued revision as the field of urban evolutionary ecology expands with the rapid growth of cities.
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    A new method to evaluate the vulnerability of watersheds facing several stressors: A case study in mediterranean Chile
    (2019) Arriagada, Loretto; Rojas, Octavio; Arumí, José Luis; Munizaga, Juan; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Farias, Laura; Vega, Claudio
    Freshwater systems are subjected to multiple anthropogenic stressors and natural disturbances that act as debilitating agents and modifiers of river systems, causing cumulative and synergistic effects that deteriorate their health and result in watershed vulnerability. This study proposes an easy-to-apply spatial method of watershed vulnerability evaluation using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in the Andalién River watershed, located in the Chilean mediterranean. A watershed vulnerability index (WVI) based on three sub-indices – anthropogenic stressors, environmental fragility and natural disturbances – was developed. To determine the index grouping weights, expert surveys were carried out using the Delphi method. We subsequently normalized and integrated the factors of each sub-index with relative weights. The ranges of each thematic layer were re-classified to establish vulnerability scores. The watershed was divided into three sections: headwaters zone, transfer zone and depositional zone. The watershed vulnerability index showed that 41% of the watershed had very low vulnerability and 42% had medium vulnerability, while only 1% – in the depositional zone – had high vulnerability. A one-way ANOVA was carried out to analyze the vulnerability differences among the three sections of the watershed; it showed significant differences (F (2, 16) = 8.15: p < 0.05). The a posteriori test showed differences between the headwaters and depositional zones (Tukey test, p = 0.005) and between the transfer and depositional zones (Tukey test, p = 0.014). To validate the WVI, water quality was measured at 16 stations in the watershed; there was a significant correlation between vulnerability level and NO2− levels (r = 0.8; p = 0.87; α = 0.05) and pH (r = 0.8; p = 0.80; α = 0.05). The WVI showed the cumulative effects of multiple stressors in the depositional zone of the watershed. This is the first study to evaluate and validate non-regulated watershed vulnerability with GIS using multiple anthropogenic and natural stressors.
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    A sustainability index for anthropized and urbanized coasts: The case of Concon Bay, central Chile
    (2020) Martínez Reyes, Carolina del Pilar; López, Pablo; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Qüense, Jorge; Hidalgo, Rodrigo; Arenas, Federico
    The level of anthmpization in one of the most urbanized areas of central Chile (Concon Bay, 33 degrees S) is analyzed using a Coastal Sustainability Index (CSI). It is constructed from variables associated with driving forces (pressures) acting on geomorphological units with a known level of fragility (reference). The coastal conservation and intervention status was determined using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and frequency ratio models combined with GIS. A correlation between driving forces and a high level of sustainability indicates a high degree of conservation of these geomorphological units, while a correlation between driving forces and a moderate or low level of sustainability indicates a high degree of intervention and little conservation of these natural units. It was established that 89.7% of the total area of ConcOn Bay presented low or moderate levels of sustainability, associated with residential and industrial uses and proximity to major roads. The high sustainability areas account for only 10.3% of the total area and consist of wetlands, beaches and dune fields that are under great pressure from real estate projects and various economic activities. Based on this index and the determination of areas with different sustainability levels, it is possible to orient decision making in land-use planning to control the driving forces in highly anthmpized, urbanized coastal zones in order to incorporate conservation measures for coastal ecosystems of high natural and cultural value.
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    A temporal analysis of the consequences of the drought regime on the water footprint of agriculture in the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico
    (2024) Novoa, Vanessa; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Rojas, Octavio; Ahumada-Rudolph, Ramón; Moreno-Santoyo, Rebeca; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Changes in water availability have a substantial impact on the sustainability and maintenance of agriculture, with water footprint (WF) being a robust methodology to assess these transformations. The Guadalupe Valley is one of the places with the highest agricultural production in Mexico. Despite its semi-arid climatic conditions, it provides high-quality crops that are well-positioned in the world. The historical trend of rainfall and temperatures between 1987 and 2017 was analyzed to identify climatic patterns in the territory. Through the calculations of the water footprint of Grapevine and Olive crops, the sensitivity of the crops to recurrent water deficit and their adaptation in their yields to drought episodes was identified. The reduction in precipitation and occurrence of extreme temperatures have contributed significantly towards augmenting crop evapotranspiration and, consequently, intensifying crop irrigation demands. As a result, there has been an apparent increase in the consumption of WFagricultural since 2007. Thus, the period of highest WFagricultural consumption was 2014 (Extremely dry), as opposed to 2011 (Very wet). In particular, the lowest WFgreen consumptions were observed in extremely dry years, that is, > 20% of the WFagricultural intensifying drought events. Therefore, these periods were compensated with higher uses of WFblue and WFgray, which are inversely correlated with precipitation, where vine crops consume 73% more WFagricultural compared to olive plantations, showing greater interannual variability. These results contribute to analyzing the temporal evolution of water consumption for agriculture, providing a basis for rational water use strategies.
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    Acceder caminando a los humedales urbanos: una opotunidad de recreación y bienestar
    (Universidad del Bío Bío, 2022) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Jorquera Guajardo, Felipe Ignacio; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Los humedales de las ciudades chilenas constituyen uno de los ecosistemas urbanos más afectados por los desarrollos inmobiliarios. A pesar de sus valores en recreación y en biodiversidad, sufren una constante pérdida de superficie, debido a deficientes procesos de planificación urbana. Sin embargo, ante el auge de las ciudades verdes y sustentables, se están revalorizando por medio de proyectos de restauración y de parques urbanos abiertos, de valor natural para el bienestar de los hábitats y la población. En este sentido, propiciar una accesibilidad con una infraestructura adecuada aportará a mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes y por supuesto del entorno urbano, concretamente a través de la integración de infraestructura verde-azul (blue-green infrastructure). Con la finalidad de contribuir al acceso a la naturaleza en ciudades, se realiza aquí un análisis de accesibilidad a pie, a una red de humedales llamada “La Ruta del Agua”, mediante una encuesta de percepción. Los humedales urbanos evaluados son 5 ecosistemas con distintos entornos barriales en Concepción Metropolitano (Chile). Si bien se trata de un caso de estudio local, representa una contribución metodológica relevante, dada la existencia de una gran cantidad de humedales urbanos degradados en Latinoamérica y en peligro de desaparecer. Los resultados de acceso muestran que los humedales son accesibles por vía de la caminata, pero el hecho de que sean poco visitados, pese a su cercanía a las zonas residenciales, revela su falta de integración como espacios abiertos, verdes, ricos en biodiversidad y aptos para la recreación en la ciudad de Concepción. Los resultados de este estudio son valiosos para el diseño de futuros de proyectos de parques en humedales, parques que deben considerar los valores ecosistémicos, la biodiversidad y la recreación para el bienestar de las personas.
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    Accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos según movilidad y modos de transporte en una ciudad media, Los Ángeles, Chile
    (Universidad Compultense Madrid, 2019) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Martínez Bascuñán, Marcela; De la Fuente Contreras, Helen; Schäfer Faulbaum, Andrés; Aguilera Saéz, Felipe; Fuentes Mella, Gloria; Peyrín Fuentes, Consuelo; Carrasco Montagna Cruz, Juan
    La relación entre distribución de equipamientos y servicios en sus diferentes ni-veles de accesibilidad según modos de transporte, muestra una serie de patrones espaciales de movilidad en la ciudad de Los Ángeles (Chile). El estudio analiza la accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos en modos de transporte, mediante una serie indicadores cuantitativos, utilizando análisis de redes. Se emplean datos de viajes en modos de transporte privado, público y caminata, de la encuesta Origen-Destino (2004). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la accesibilidad entre el centro y periferia de Los Ángeles. De hecho, la población del centro tiene alta acce-sibilidad, concentrando las mayores y mejores oportunidades. En contraste, la po-blación periférica en crecimiento que, en su mayoría, viaja largas distancias para acceder, especialmente en caminata. Este análisis contribuye a discutir sobre las implicancias de las oportunidades y el papel del transporte en la movilidad de ciu-dades medias de Latinoamérica con un centro preponderante.
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    Accesibilidad de proximidad y envejecimiento demográfico: desafíos para la adaptación de los espacios de la movilidad
    (2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Cantallopts Creo, David Alonso; CEDEUS (Chile)
    El trabajo examina la relación entre entorno construido y accesibilidad de proximidad, analizando las características de los barrios de Santiago de Chile en donde se concentran los mayores porcentajes de personas mayores. Analizando antigüedad, densidad y tipologías de vivienda, el trabajo identifica ocho categorías de barrios que envejecen, diferentemente distribuidas a lo largo de un anillo que rodea el centro de la ciudad de Santiago. No se evidencia una clara relación entre tipologías de barrios y proximidad, siendo diferentes los patrones de accesibilidad a oportunidades urbanas. Al identificar tipologías prevalentes de barrios que envejecen, los resultados ofrecen indicaciones para adaptar las ciudades para las personas mayores y garantizar condiciones de vida más saludables.
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    Accesibilidad desde la perspectiva de la edad: personas mayores, movilidad y espacios públicos
    (Ril Editores, 2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Ladron De Guevara González, Felipe Andres; Colección de Libros Estudios Urbanos UC; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos
    Este libro analiza a fondo el concepto de accesibilidad, al centro de un cambio de paradigma en la planificación urbana y de la movilidad. Desde América Latina, el libro aborda las dimensiones sociales, medioambientales y espaciales relacionadas con la movilidad y su significado para la vida cotidiana de las personas, mostrando la importancia de planificar para la accesibilidad frente a los desafíos de ciudades y territorios desiguales. Organizado en cuatro partes, el texto amplía las miradas académicas y profesionales sobre la accesibilidad con una perspectiva propia del Sur Global, explorando la interseccionalidad del concepto, su relación con el entorno construido, los bienes comunes y la ciudad de las oportunidades. El libro ofrece así una perspectiva interdisciplinaria basada en el trabajo de científicos chilenos activos en territorios diversos, aspirando a ser una introducción a la accesibilidad como base que fundamente el desarrollo de soluciones inclusivas para territorios más sostenibles, justos y resilientes, permitiendo comprender y mejorar la calidad de vida en las ciudades chilenas y latinoamericanas.
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    Accesibilidad para ciudades equitativas
    (RIL Editores, 2024) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Vecchio, Giovanni; Ladrón de Guevara González, Felipe Andrés
    Este libro analiza a fondo el concepto de accesibilidad, al centro de un cambio de paradigma en la planificación urbana y de la movilidad. Desde América Latina, el libro aborda las dimensiones sociales, medioambientales y espaciales relacionadas con la movilidad y su significado para la vida cotidiana de las personas, mostrando la importancia de planificar para la accesibilidad frente a los desafíos de ciudades y territorios desiguales. Organizado en cuatro partes, el texto amplía las miradas académicas y profesionales sobre la accesibilidad con una perspectiva propia del Sur Global, explorando la interseccionalidad del concepto, su relación con el entorno construido, los bienes comunes y la ciudad de las oportunidades. El libro ofrece así una perspectiva interdisciplinaria basada en el trabajo de científicos chilenos activos en territorios diversos, aspirando a ser una introducción a la accesibilidad como base que fundamente el desarrollo de soluciones inclusivas para territorios más sostenibles, justos y resilientes, permitiendo comprender y mejorar la calidad de vida en las ciudades chilenas y latinoamericanas.
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    Accesibilidad percibida y decisiones de movilidad en contextos dependientes del auto
    (Ril Editores, 2024) Hurtubia González, Ricardo Daniel; Blandin, Lola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio
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    Accesibilidad, conflicto y políticas urbanas
    (Ril Editores - Colección de Estudios Urbanos UC, 2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Valdajos Montero, Isidora Andrea
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    Accesibilidad, vivienda y plusvalías: el efecto de nueva infraestructura de transporte público en contextos recientes de verticalización
    (Ril Editores, 2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Fernández, Sergio; Vicuña Del Río, María Magdalena
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    Accessibility and ageing neighbourhoods: a cluster-based taxonomy to promote ageing in place
    (2025) Vecchio, Giovanni; Medina de Cortillas, Diego; Steiniger, Stefan; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; CEDEUS, Chile; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso
    Ageing in place is an established policy option to adapt existing urban settings to the needs of an increasingly older and rapidly ageing population. The possibility to access facilities and services is fundamental in this sense, but accessibility to relevant urban opportunities changes according to the places taken into account, affecting a neighbourhood potential for promoting ageing in place. In this paper, we aim to identify typologies of ageing neighbourhoods according to the access they provide to significant places and services. We propose a taxonomy based on (1) the concentration of older people, (2) their socioeconomic standing, (3) the amount of opportunities available within walking distance, and (4) the possibility of reaching public transport as a precondition to access valued opportunities in other areas of a city. Our analysis focuses on Santiago de Chile, a metropolis representative of other unequal, rapidly ageing Global South urban settings. We identify ageing neighbourhoods using hierarchical cluster analysis, and we define six categories according to the access they provide to relevant urban opportunities. Such accessibility-based taxonomy of ageing neighbourhoods can be relevant for promoting ageing in place cities, identifying what planning and policy actions are better suited to enhance accessibility to urban opportunities.
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    Accessibility and the Capabilities Approach: a review of the literature and proposal for conceptual advancements
    (TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2021) Vecchio, Giovanni; Martens, Karel; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The Capability Approach, developed by Sen and Nussbaum, has recently gained increasing attention in the transport literature. This paper adds to this growing body of literature by investigating how the approach can generate consistent evaluative approaches to inform (urban) transport planning. The paper reviews the mobility literature that has investigated the Capabilities Approach and identifies the opportunities and challenges of employing the approach as a basis for transport planning. The review highlights the different, and sometimes patchy, ways in which the key notions of the approach have been conceptualised and operationalised. Discussing this growing but scattered literature, the paper embraces the emerging direction that understands accessibility as the capability that transport planning and policy should consider. Further refining this understanding, the paper proposes a twofold evaluative approach combining a top-down and a bottom-up component to capture the myriad of conversion factors shaping people's accessibility-as-capability and functioning. By systematically adopting the Capabilities Approach, transport planning and mobility policies will be directed to enhancing each person's freedom to pursue the life they have reason to value in contemporary societies.
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    Accessibility disturbances to the biodiversity of urban wetlands due to built environment
    (2022) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Sepúlveda Zúñiga, Einer Alexander; Jorquera Guajardo, Felipe Ignacio; Munizaga, Juan; Pino, Joan; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales; Universidad de Concepción; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
    Urbanization and urban sprawl in Latin America has led to the social and environmental challenges such as lossand fragmentation of wetland areas, negatively impacting their ecological and social benefits and biodiversity.Urban wetlands are ecosystems that are essential to Latin American cities and are recognized for both theirprotection against flooding and use as recreational spaces. Additionally, accessibility to urban wetlands can alsoincrease urban residents’ well-being. This study analyzes the city model of an urban wetland in the GreaterConcepcion ´ area (Chile, South America), an area that has recently experienced urban sprawl. First, it identifies the urban fabric and modelling the urban variables of density, distance, roads, and green areas surrounding an inland wetland. Second, it evaluates the accessibility to the wetland and its effect on plant composition using a biodiversity indicator (% native and introduced plants). Literature and social enviroment movements has been showing the Concepcion ´ city is growing with no regard for its urban wetland, and its biodiversity is not considered in urban planning. Still, urban wetland remains does have potential benefits for people, species, and possible recreational opportunities. The study contributes to the discussion of the unsustainable spatial model of urbanization interacts with wetland accessibility and with disturbance to biodiversity; the results represent input for urban planning in order to restoring an integrated wetland within cities and improve accessibility by including natural urban wetlands as green infrastructure
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    Accessibility Indicators for the Geographical Assessment of Transport Planning in Latin-America Metropolitan Area
    (MDPI, 2021) Martínez, Marcela ; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Condeço-Melhorado, Ana; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Accessibility represents a key element in strengthening developed regions in terms of investment in transportation infrastructure. Accessibility is also an equity indicator to measure the ease with which a specific location achieves desired outcomes as well as the spillover effect; traditionally, these effects have been analyzed with econometric and engineering techniques, rather than from the perspective of geographical studies. The purpose of this research is to measure the spillover effects and the territorial cohesion of Infrastructure Regional Planning (PRI) for the Latin American metropolitan area of Concepción (MAC), Chile. To meet this purpose, locational and network efficiency indicators of spatial accessibility were calculated using network analysis in GIS. The results showed that the improvements differ according to the accessibility indicator employed; however, they generally showed benefits in consolidated urban centers and corridors near investment and industrial areas. In contrast, more distant and rural areas presented limited and irregular benefits.