I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales

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A bumpy ride: structural inequalities, quality standards, and institutional limitations affecting cycling infrastructure
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; Mora Vega, Rodrigo; Oyarzun, Gabriel; Vergara, Jaime; Vecchio, Giovanni; CEDEUS (Chile)
Structural socio-economic and institutional limitations can affect the implementation of cycling infrastructure. More stringent cycling infrastructure standards aiming to solve deficiencies might exacerbate disparities, especially in poor districts with fragmentary governance. Using an audit and quantitative and spatial analysis of cycleways, this paper examines to what extent structural inequalities and governance issues affect the availability and quality of cycling infrastructure, considering new indicative and normative standards aiming at improving cycling infrastructure in Santiago, Chile. Our results show that the distribution of cycleways is unequal and only partially complies with national quality standards. All districts in the city have both high and low standard bicycle lanes, but since district finances have huge differences, this can lead to inequalities in cycle coverage and districts' capabilities to address current standard problems. This raises relevant challenges regarding governance and how to ensure an equitable distribution of cycling infrastructure in Global South cities.
A temporal analysis of the consequences of the drought regime on the water footprint of agriculture in the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico
(2024) Novoa, Vanessa; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Rojas, Octavio; Ahumada-Rudolph, Ramón; Moreno-Santoyo, Rebeca; CEDEUS (Chile)
Changes in water availability have a substantial impact on the sustainability and maintenance of agriculture, with water footprint (WF) being a robust methodology to assess these transformations. The Guadalupe Valley is one of the places with the highest agricultural production in Mexico. Despite its semi-arid climatic conditions, it provides high-quality crops that are well-positioned in the world. The historical trend of rainfall and temperatures between 1987 and 2017 was analyzed to identify climatic patterns in the territory. Through the calculations of the water footprint of Grapevine and Olive crops, the sensitivity of the crops to recurrent water deficit and their adaptation in their yields to drought episodes was identified. The reduction in precipitation and occurrence of extreme temperatures have contributed significantly towards augmenting crop evapotranspiration and, consequently, intensifying crop irrigation demands. As a result, there has been an apparent increase in the consumption of WFagricultural since 2007. Thus, the period of highest WFagricultural consumption was 2014 (Extremely dry), as opposed to 2011 (Very wet). In particular, the lowest WFgreen consumptions were observed in extremely dry years, that is, > 20% of the WFagricultural intensifying drought events. Therefore, these periods were compensated with higher uses of WFblue and WFgray, which are inversely correlated with precipitation, where vine crops consume 73% more WFagricultural compared to olive plantations, showing greater interannual variability. These results contribute to analyzing the temporal evolution of water consumption for agriculture, providing a basis for rational water use strategies.
Beyond transparency: assessing access to environmental information in Chile and the ability of providers and users to comprehend it
(2024) Bergamini Ladron De Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Ángel Hernández, Piroska; Alarcon Miranda, Andrea Francisca; Curillan Muñoz, Christian Ignacio
This paper evaluates environmental information accessibility in Chile, aiming to identify gaps to enhance public management and citizen participation. The paper opens with a theoretical, practical and legal reference framework for information accessibility. This is followed by the main body of research comprising interviews with representatives from public authorities providing environmental information and with users of that information. An analysis of the results is then presented, followed by the discussion and conclusions emerging from the research work. This article identifies a number of information systems that provide data to measure progress and setbacks in environmental conditions and in public and private environmental management. However, access to information is failing to achieve its democratic objective. Although there are some benefits from the disclosure of environmental information, an overall lack of governance for information systems creates a series of obstacles that prevent the public from actively participating in environmental issues.
Impact of Land Use Diversity on Daytime Social Segregation Patterns in Santiago de Chile
(MDPI, 2022) Fuentes Arce, Luis; Truffello, Ricardo; Flores, Mónica; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Latin American cities are known for their high levels of marginality, segregation and inequality. As such, these issues have been the subject of substantial discussions in academia, with the predominant approach being the study of residential segregation, or what we call “nighttime segregation”. Another dimension of urban sociability, related to labor, is what we call “daytime segregation”, which has been far less studied. This article makes an original methodological contribution to the measurement of non-residential or daytime segregation based on data from mobility surveys. It seeks to explain this segregation measurement according to the diversity and distribution of land uses, as well as other characteristics of the built stock, such as land price and built-up density. We measured daytime social mix in urban spaces, and we show how it highly relates to land use diversity in a Latin American megacity, such as Santiago, Chile. We found that land use diversity plays a key role in enhancing the daytime social diversity of urban spaces, contributing to generate a more heterogeneous city and social gatherings during working days. This research is not only a contribution to the understanding of sociability patterns in cities but is also a contribution to public policy and the work of urban planners, as it informs the development of more diverse and integrated cities, which is a key tool for strengthening democracy, the exchange of ideas, the economy and social welfare.
Planificación urbana y accesibilidad: factores clave en los procesos de la intensificación en la verticalización residencial
(2024) Vicuña Del Río, María Magdalena; De Dios Sandoval, Berenice
En los últimos 20 años, la vivienda en altura se ha convertido en la principal forma de expresión del desarrollo inmobiliario en Chile. La desregularización urbana preexistente, en cuanto a la política habitacional y la flexibilidad en las directrices regulatorias, desencadenó un proceso explosivo de verticalización, que desencadenó una percepción negativa en la población, la que ha rechazado los proyectos en altura ejerciendo presión hacia los municipios para modificar sus planes reguladores comunales (PRC) y restringir la verticalización. El presente artículo se basa en el estudio de 10 comunas con mayor desarrollo habitacional vertical residencial de las principales áreas metropolitanas chilenas (Santiago, Valparaíso y Concepción), desde el año 2002 a 2021. La metodología consiste en caracterizar el rol de la planificación urbana comunal y la accesibilidad al transporte público en la verticalización residencial. Los resultados muestran dos tendencias relacionadas con los instrumentos territoriales de planificación vinculados con el acceso del transporte público. La discusión se centra en dos hallazgos: 1) Intensificación de la verticalización residencial vinculada con cambios al PRC; 2) Intensificación de la verticalización residencial sin relación con modificaciones al PRC. Se constata que, ante los procesos de planificación, se desencadenan procesos de intensidad vertical adversos a lo planteado.
Regulation and Protection of Urban Wetlands: A Comparative Analysis in Chile, Colombia, and Peru
(Springer, 2024) Moschella, Paola; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Velásquez, Carlos Javier; Capera, Ingrid
Latin American countries have a set of legal instruments and public policies that contribute to the protection of urban wetlands against the pressure of city expansion that threatens their extent and quality. With the aim of discussing the role of public policies and regulations in the protection of urban wetlands, the situation in Chile, Colombia, and Peru is analyzed in a comparative manner. These countries are examples of diverse regulations and wetland biodiversity in urban environments. Legal instruments for environmental protection and conservation, spatial planning, and urban planning relevant to the management of urban wetlands are analyzed. In addition, advances in regulation and protection of urban wetlands are evaluated and contrasted based on national-level indicators. The lack of effective protection measures is demonstrated. The three countries have adhered to the Ramsar Convention to protect their wetlands and have established Ramsar sites; however, their existence does not stop the pressures and threats to the wetlands. It is identified that Peru has a larger surface area of Ramsar sites and that Colombia has the most extensive Ramsar urban wetland. It is highlighted that Chile has a recent urban wetlands law, while in Colombia and Peru the category of urban wetland does not exist in legislation. Meanwhile, in the protected natural areas, urban wetlands practically have no presence. Among the main weaknesses are the disarticulation between sectors and planning scales; in addition to outdated planning instruments regarding current challenges such as climate change, the water crisis, and the loss of biodiversity.
Spatiotemporal vegetation dynamics in a highly urbanized Chilean coastal wetland: Insights on long-term natural and anthropogenic influences
(2024) Munizaga, Juan; Rojas, Octavio; Lagos, Bernardo; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Yepez, Santiago; Hernández, Esteban; Ureta, Fernando; de la Barrera, Francisco; Jato-Espino, Daniel; CEDEUS (Chile)
This study analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the vegetation of a highly urbanized coastal wetland in the 2000–2020 period, considering natural disturbances and anthropogenic stressors. The wetland system was stratified into four domains: Coastal, Intertidal, Freshwater, and Urban, differentiated by their geomorphological, topographical, and water salinity characteristics, which were validated by ground vegetation sampling. In these domains, spectral indicators of vegetation were used on 884 Landsat images in the Google Earth Engine to determine vegetation types, trends, and phenology. The start of the growing season coincides with the beginning of the Austral winter, exhibiting seasonal behavior, which was interrupted by abrupt natural disturbances such as floods and tsunamis. In addition, a progressive trend associated with the replacement of native species by exotic species was reported in areas with significant anthropogenic stressors (e.g., highways, city edges, and grazing areas), with 45 % presenting an increase in the normalized difference vegetation index. Areas far from anthropogenic stressors maintained their behavior, which is explained by natural factors such as precipitation, temperature, and evapotranspiration. The proposed method strengthens our understanding of the interrelationship between factors that modify the behavior of vegetation in coastal wetlands pressured by anthropogenic stressors and contributes to their management and protection.
Urban Wetland Losses and Land-Use Conservation Challenges in Three Latin American Cities
(Springer, 2024) Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Munizaga, Juan; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Martínez, Carolina
Wetlands are valuable and threatened ecosystems throughout the world. They are essential for the maintenance of life and ecological balance, in addition to providing a larger number of benefits to human societies. Wetlands reduce the risk of flooding by regulating the flow of water, being essential to reduce the impacts of climate change, especially along the coasts and coastal cities of the world. Urban growth poses a risk to wetlands in and around urban areas. In this work, we quantify the loss trends of wetlands in urban areas in three Latin American countries between the years 2002 and 2019. We selected as case studies the wetlands of Aconcagua in Chile, Ciénaga de Mallorquín in Colombia, and Pantanos de Villa in Peru. Through multitemporal analysis of Quickbird satellite imagery collections, we classify land covers at 2.5-m resolution and identify areas covered by wetland. We quantify the losses and gains of the wetland areas and the areas surrounding them. We found that the three wetlands analyzed lost area, confirming the worldwide trend of loss. The Ciénaga de Mallorquín wetland was the one that decreased the most due to coastal dynamics and urbanization. The Pantanos de Villa wetland reduced its area due to the increase in urban areas that grew filling the wetland under the pressure of informal settlements and beach condominiums. Lastly, the Aconcagua wetland was reduced due to the increase in grasslands together with the increase in bare soil, also affecting the beaches and dunes. In all three case studies, urban wetlands decreased due to urban growth. For this reason, we call attention to the urgency of improving urban planning to ensure the maintenance of these key ecosystems to ensure more sustainable and resilient cities, as proposed by Sustainable Development Goal 11.
Urban Wetlands in Latin America as Support to 17 SDG: A Guideline to Sustainable Cities to SDG 11
(Springer, 2024) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Aldana-Dominguez, Juanita; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Soto, Evelyn
Wetlands support all 17 Sustainable Development Goals, but they are particularly relevant to SDG 11 on “Sustainable Cities and Communities” because their preservation reinforces the ecosystem services that are essential for cities, such as flood protection, recreation, and freshwater provision, among other benefits. This chapter proposes the integration of wetlands into SDG 11 through the development of a participatory action guide with key stakeholders. The objectives of this guide are (i) to define sustainability criteria for wetlands, and (ii) to review all the targets of SDG 11 by 2030, to propose guidelines, and to introduce new indicators that consider urban wetlands to achieve sustainable cities in Latin America. Results show that the urban wetlands could contribute to goals 11.1 and 11.2 by playing a crucial role in neighborhood improvements, especially in providing green areas, the results indicated that the most relevant goals for the inclusion of wetlands are 11.3, 11.4, 11.5, 11.6, and 11.7 targets of SGD 11.
Women’s mobilities and perceived safety: urban form matters. Evidence from three peripheral districts in the city of Bogotá
(Routledge, 2023) Pucci, Paola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Gallego Vega, Erika Andrea; CEDEUS (Chile)
The paper aims at investigating the interplay of urban form and women’s mobilities in three peripheral districts in the city of Bogotá. Integrating a morpho-functional analysis of the built environment with an ethnographic analysis focused on the walking practices of a sample of women, the paper highlights the main gendered spatial experiences and how the perceived safety acts as a mediator between built environment attributes and walking behaviours. The conclusion introduces two challenges: first, the need for new interpretative lenses, different from those of a man-centred perspective and able to interpret the women’s territoriality–considered as the spaces produced through their mobility practices; second, the possibility to use women’s mobilities experiences and their tactics of adaptation as a tool for more effective urban and mobility policies.

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