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- ItemMortality Effects of PM10 and O-3 in Chilean Cities: Results from the ESCALA Project(Oxford University Press, 2009) Cifuentes Lira, Luis Abdón; Strappa García de la Huerta, ValentinaESCALA (Estudio de Salud y Contaminación del Aire en Latinoamérica) is a study that examines the association between outdoor air pollution (PM10 and O3) and health effects in Brazil, Mexico and Chile, in all causes, all ages mortality and in subgroups defined by cause, age and gender. We report the results for Santiago, a 5 M people city, Concepcion, a 600,000 people industrial city, and Temuco, a city of 360,000 people dominated by wood-burning pollution in winter. Poisson regression was used to fit a model to the time-series data (1997–2005), adjusting for seasonality and meteorology. Distributed lag models were fitted considering a 2nd degree polynomial with exposure lagged up to 5 days. In Santiago, in most of the age groups and causes studied, PM10 had a signficant impact on daily mortality. The risk percentage change (RPC) for 10 μg/m3 PM10 ranged from 0.12% (cardiopulmonary, all ages) to 0.46% (respiratory, all ages). Ozone also had significant impacts for all causes, cardiopulmonary causes. The biggests effects were found for cerebrovascular/stroke (CEV) deaths (RPC 0.56 to 0.66 for all ages and elder). The only significant effects in Concepcion were found for the elder population for respiratory causes (RPC 1.65%) and COPD (RPC 2.6 to 2.9%). In Temuco, COPD had the higher risk for the whole population (RPC 2.7 to 4%) and CEV also had a high risk (RPC 1.2 for all ages, 1.1 to 1.5 for elder). These results provide further evidence of the adverse health effects of PM10 and O3 in cities of the developing world. The higher effects were found for two relatively small cities, with different mixtures of air pollution. Possible differential effects by socioeconomic characteristics of the exposed populations may explain much of the differences and are being currently investigated.
- ItemESTRATEGIAS FAMILIARES DE NIÑOS CON DISCAPACIDAD PARA ACCEDER A SALUD, EDUCACIÓN Y CUIDADOS EN PANDEMIA(2024) Besoain Saldaña, Alvaro; Peña Ochoa, Mónica Alejandra; Arancibia Breull, Valeria Paz; Concha Bañados, Soledad; Schöngut-Grollmus, NicolásIntroducción: El Programa de Integración Escolar (PIE) en Chile tiene como objetivo promover la inclusión de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA) con discapacidad en la vida cotidiana escolar. Sin embargo, se ha identificado su importancia en apoyar el acceso a servicios de salud, rehabilitación y cuidados en el desarrollo de niños y adolescentes de manera heterogénea en la población. Es relevante describir el actuar de la familia para un abordaje intersectorial en discapacidad. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender estrategias que realizan familias para asegurar el acceso a educación, salud y cuidados en la pandemia, incluyendo barreras y facilitadores que afectan la inclusión de NNA con discapacidad en el PIE de Chile, específicamente en aquellos con diagnósticos de “permanente/discapacidad motriz” y “permanente/discapacidad sensorial”. Método: Estudio cualitativo, analítico de enfoque etnográfico que desarrolló 16 entrevistas semiestructuradas en comunas de la región metropolitana (Huechuraba, Cerro Navia, Puente alto) y Zona sur de Chile (Puerto Montt y Temuco) mediante un muestreo teórico de máxima variabilidad. La recopilación de datos se realizó a través de entrevistas y observaciones, y se aplicaron técnicas de análisis temático de contenido y triangulación para interpretar los resultados. Se respetaron consideraciones éticas como el consentimiento informado y la confidencialidad durante todo el proceso. Proyecto aprobado por Comité de Ética en Investigación acreditado, Universidad Diego Portales (006-2021). Resultados principales: Participaron 14 madres, 1 abuela y 1 entrevista con madre y padre. Dentro de las estrategias identificadas se encuentra a) Aumento del rol de cuidados familiares (especialmente mujeres), replicando roles docentes en actividades de educación y salud; b) Gestión del tiempo del entre escuela, centros de salud y cuidados; c) Fortalecimiento de servicios de la escuela permitían concentrar estrategias de la familia en contextos educativos. Se identificaron como facilitadores de la inclusión: 1) Presencia de profesionales en kinesiología y terapia ocupacional; 2) La presencia de docentes o asistentes con discapacidad fue un facilitador importante que promovió tanto la inclusión técnica como el desarrollo socioemocional de los estudiantes; 3) La comunicación cercana y efectiva entre el equipo PIE y las familias. Por otro lado, se identificaron como barreras para la inclusión 1) Acceso limitado a los espacios escolares y salud debido a problemas de accesibilidad generó dificultades de convivencia y afectó a algunos estudiantes, tanto en plataformas virtuales como en regreso a clases; 2) Generalización de diagnósticos de discapacidad motriz ocultó las necesidades individuales y particulares de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Es importante abordar de manera intersectorial las necesidades de NNA con discapacidad, considerando la diversidad de cada estudiante. Al no considerar esto, impacta en sobrecargas de familias, especialmente de madres. A su vez, impacta en presionar a las familias en la gestión de tiempo y recursos para acceder a servicios de salud, educación y cuidados con dispositivos privados y públicos. La comunidad educativa enriquecida se identifica como un fuerte facilitador que permite ajustar estrategias institucionales con familiares al contexto urbano o rural. Condiciones objetivas como accesibilidad universal y trato respetuoso de equipos de salud y educación, facilitan estas estrategias. La perspectiva de salud en todas las políticas es una mirada útil al diseñar políticas integrales en NNA.
- ItemImportance of the Population Exposure Model in the Impact of PM and Daily Mortality(2009) Strappa García de la Huerta, Valentina; Cifuentes Lira, Luis Abdón; Jorquera, HéctorBackground and Objectives: A usual critique of ecological studies is the poor characterization of the population exposure to air pollution. In this work, the impact of population exposure modeling to particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) on the risk estimates is analyzed for the inhabitants of Santiago (Chile), for the years 1997 to 2005. Methods: All cause mortality risks were computed using a simple exposure model (average of several monitors) and a more detailed one, based on the results of an atmospheric photochemical model for four weeks, and extrapolated to the rest of the year. Results: Significant contributions to the risk estimates were found when the detailed exposure model was considered. The elderly showed the biggest increase on risk due to PM2.5 exposure, from 2.7% (CI 95%: 1.8–3.6) to 3% (1.9–4.1). For all ages, the increase was smaller, from 1% (0.4–1.7) to 1.2% (0.3–2.1). Even though the increases in risk were higher for the cold season, the incorporation of the proposed exposure wasn’t statistically significant. Conclusion: Health risks found were consistent with the evidence of previous national and international studies. The relative risks estimations using the proposed model were greater than using the average of the monitors, as usual in ecological studies. Even though the difference between the two models was not statistically significant, the RR increase is important for policy applications. The model based on photochemical estimations is a contribution in the exposure assessment, but its influence has to be explored with more detail.
- ItemWIP: Self-tracking Time-On-Task to promote self-organization skills in an Undergraduate Engineering Design Course(2025) Miranda Mendoza, Constanza Sofia; Nusaybah, Abu-MulawehThis is a work in progress. Time management, a key self-regulation ability, is crucial for students' academic achievement. Effective time management skills have been linked to academic success in Massive Open Online Courses. However, this has not been fully tested in a typical residential college setting where students are living on campus and working time bleeds in their personal time. In addition, research reveals that effective studying behaviors begin with becoming aware of your particular learning processes since we know that notions of time among students in higher education vary. The following work-in-progress research endeavor showcases a data-driven decision-making method for undergraduate engineering students to address the time spent on various design activities in an engineering design team-based course at an R1 institution in the United States. We adapted an intake form to report hours weekly in an engineering design course. For the first stage, using student input, we translated this data into individual dashboards that were returned to the student teams every two weeks. For the second stage, we plan to conduct interviews to understand the process. A further implementation of the tool involves using the data to make data-driven decisions at the curricular and planning level for instructors. Findings can be translated into the many engineering-design courses required by the ABET accreditation agency in the United States.
- ItemValidación de una base de datos terminológicos sobre alteraciones de bienes patrimoniales (Short Paper)(CEUR-WS, 2024) Tebé, Carles; Pissolato, Luciana; Montero, Ignacia© 2024 Copyright for this paper by its authors.This paper presents the validation process of a new terminology database to be made available to the public by the end of 2024. The terminology database is the main result of the project "Platform for the identification of alterations to Chilean heritage properties" (ID22I10052) granted in September 2022. This is an initiative funded by the National Agency for Research and Development of Chile (ANID) within the category Fondef IDeA I&D 2022, whose objective is to support the co-financing of applied I&D projects that have a strong scientific component for the development of technologies that can lead to new products, processes or services with the potential to have a positive economic and social impact. Therefore, the process of validation of the database prototype by a group of potential users is a key aspect of this applied result before it is put into service. This paper presents the stages of validation of the terminology database and the criteria related to the evaluation of the design and usability aspects as well as the content of the product.