Capítulos de libros

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2 Golden rats and sick empires: portraying medicine, poverty, and the bubonic plague in La Peste
(Manchester University Press, 2022) Ragas Rojas, José Frank; Palma Maturana, Patricia Nataly; González Donoso, Guillermo Adrián
With a ten-million-euro budget and 400 extras on set, La Peste (The Plague) – a ten-episode TV show produced by Spanish communication conglomerate Movistar and aired in January 2018 – became not only the most ambitious production in Spanish television history but also an overnight sensation among viewers and critics. This chapter examines how La Peste combines historical accuracy and fiction to portray the role of medicine, health agents, and population around a late sixteenth-century epidemic outbreak. Its release coincided with the centennial of the Spanish flu that killed twenty to fifty million people around the globe. In placing the epidemic at the core of the narrative, the show unveils the multiple yet contradictory ways people from various social groups and backgrounds reacted to the pandemic: either to save their own lives, procure a cure for others, or to take advantage of the crisis. The chapter highlights what makes La Peste a relevant case to study. As part of its marketing campaign, the production team deliberately sought to trespass the screen and insert the narrative into people’s daily lives. This team designed in advance of the TV series an interactive website with digital resources on the history of medicine and historical sites. Furthermore, in the days prior to the launch, several golden rats appeared in the streets of Seville to announce the show. While some viewers expressed their discomfort with the crude scenes depicting poor living conditions, others engaged with the campaign. As a result of this, La Peste constitutes a fascinating example of the possibilities offered by TV shows as vehicles for disseminating historical medical knowledge to a vast audience.
A Family of Discrete Kernels for Presmoothing Test Score Distributions
(Springer, 2024) González Burgos, Jorge Andrés; Wiberg Roll, Marie; CEDEUS (Chile)
In the fields of educational measurement and testing, score distributions are often estimated by the sample relative frequency distribution. As many score distributions are discrete and may have irregularities, it has been common practice to use presmoothing techniques to correct for such irregularities of the score distributions. A common way to conduct presmoothing has been to use log-linear models. In this chapter, we introduce a novel class of discrete kernels that can effectively estimate the probability mass function of scores, providing a presmoothing solution. The chapter includes an empirical illustration demonstrating that the proposed discrete kernel estimates perform as well as or better than the existing methods like log-linear models in presmoothing score distributions. The practical implications of this finding are discussed, highlighting the potential benefits of using discrete kernels in educational measurement contexts. Additionally, the chapter identifies several areas for further research, indicating opportunities for advancing the field’s methodology and practices.
Acrylamide formation and reduction in fried potatoes
(CRC Press, 2009) Pedreschi Plasencia, Franco
In April 2002, Swedish researchers shocked the food safety world when they presented preliminary ndings of acrylamide in some fried and baked foods, most notably potato chips and French fries, at levels of 30-2300 µm/kg. Reports of the presence of acrylamide in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods have caused worldwide concern because this compound has been classi ed as probably carcinogenic in humans with signi cant toxicological effects namely neurotoxic and mutagenic effects (Rosen and Hellenäs 2002, Tareke et al. 2002).
Age-Dependent Changes in the Activation and Regulation of Microglia
(Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016) Von Bernhardi Montgomery, Rommy Edth B.; Cornejo Castillo, Francisca Alejandra
As we age, a large number of physiological and molecular changes affect the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and the organism as a whole. One of the main changes is the establishment of a state of systemic inflammatory activation, which has been termed "inflamm-aging"; a mild chronic inflammation of the aging organism that reduces the ability to generate an efficient response against stressor stimuli. As any other system, the nervous system undergoes these aging-related changes; the neuroinflammatory state depends mainly on the dysregulated activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the principal producers of reactive oxygen species. As the brain ages, microglia acquire a phenotype that is increasingly inflammatory and cytotoxic, generating a hostile environment for neurons. There is mounting evidence that this process facilitates development of neurodegenerative diseases, for which the greatest risk factor is age. In this chapter, we will review key aging-associated changes occurring in the central nervous system, focusing primarily on the changes that occur in aging microglia, the inflammatory and oxidative stressful environment they establish, and their impaired regulation. In addition, we will discuss the effects of aged microglia on neuronal function and their participation in the development of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Bayesian Nonparametric Approaches for ROC Curve Inference
(2015) Calhau Fernandes, Inacio De Carvalho Vanda; Jara, Alejandro; Bras De Carvalho, Miguel
The development of medical diagnostic tests is of great importance in clinical practice, public health, and medical research. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a popular tool for evaluating the accuracy of such tests. We review Bayesian nonparametric methods based on Dirichlet process mixtures and the Bayesian bootstrap for ROC curve estimation and regression. The methods are illustrated by means of data concerning diagnosis of lung cancer in women.
Bayesian Nonparametric Biostatistics
(2015) Johnson, Wesley O.; Carvalho, Miguel de
Chapter 5 - Imagination and mind wandering: two sides of the same coin? A brain dynamics perspective
(2020) Villena González, Mario; Cosmelli, Diego; D. Preiss, David; Cosmelli, Diego; Kaufman, James C.
The renewed interest in mind wandering has produced a wealth of knowledge about brain mechanisms underlying the generation of spontaneous thoughts and stimulus-independent cognition. However, how this phenomenon relates to the more classically defined imagination, with which it shares several key phenomenological and psychological features, remains largely unexplored. Here, we discuss whether and how imagination relates to mind wandering and whether they depend on similar brain mechanisms. We pay particular attention to the spontaneous/deliberate contrast in both these phenomena and the importance of considering thought contents, modality, temporality, and emotional valence when studying stimulus-independent cognition. We draw from recent advances in brain connectivity studies to analyze the role that the brain's default mode network (DMN) might have in articulating these two pervasive aspects of human mental life. It appears that such an integrative process is likely to depend on a highly dynamical DMN, one that cannot be reduced simply to a resting state or self-related network. Ultimately, this challenges the idea that mind wandering and imagination are substantially different processes and suggests that it might be worth looking at them as part of the same type of self-generated mental activity.
Chilean native species as source of natural polyphenols
(CABI, 2013) Fredes, Carolina; Montenegro, Gloria; Céspedes, Carlos L.; Sampietro, Diego A.; Sigler, David; Rai, Mahendra
This chapter discusses the traditional uses of native medicinal plants from Chile and provides tabulated data on Chilean medicinal plants, including the parts used and their effects, in order to analyse compounds that could be responsible for these medicinal effects. It presents scientific evidence supporting biological activity associated with the presence of polyphenols in Chilean plants. The determination of polyphenols in Chilean plants and their antioxidant capacity are described. The main factors affecting polyphenol content in plants are also mentioned, i.e. genotype, environment, storage and processing, and stage of harvest.
Clinical assessment of hemodynamic instability
(2019) Bakker, Jan; Pinsky, Michael R.; Teboul, Jean-Louis; Vincent, Jean-Louis
Clinically Correct Report Generation from Chest X-Rays Using Templates
(2021) Pablo Pino; Parra Santander, Denis Alejandro; Cecilia Besa; Claudio Lagos
COVID-19 in Chile: A health crisis amidst a political crisis amidst a social crisis
(Routledge, 2021) Bachmann Cáceres, Ingrid Andrea; Valenzuela, Sebastián; Figueroa Bustos, Arturo Alejandro
Once regarded as the poster child for democratic stability and sound policymaking in Latin America, in the last two decades Chile has experienced increasing levels of mistrust in political institutions and media elites, as well as disenfranchisement. In the wake of the mass protests of October 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic found the Chilean government at record levels of disapproval and with citizens skeptical of messages by authorities and legacy media. Based on data from an online survey and a narrative analysis of public discourse of key government interventions during the first six months of the pandemic, this chapter pays attention to individuals’ perceptions regarding the coronavirus crisis and offers a qualitative assessment of how the government’s handling was addressed in the public sphere. Findings show that Chileans have been skeptical of government measures and critical of officials’ handling of the situation, regardless of their support for the administration. With the news media struggling to hold authorities accountable, the resulting crisis has only deepened the political, economic, and social divisions within Chilean society.
Educar para un estilo más sobrio: un reto del presente
(CELAM, 2024) Guridi Ortúzar, Román Ignacio
Effect of Water Content on Physical Properties of Potato Chips
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Pedreschi Plasencia, Franco; Moyano, Pedro
The objective of this research was to study the effect of violent drying during immer-sion frying on the texture, color, oil content and distribution, and porosity of potatochips. Some potato slices were blanched in hot water at 85°C for 3.5 min and weredeep fried in sunﬂower oil at 120°, 150°, and 180°C. A model based on a variablediffusion coefﬁ cient during the frying process was used to model water loss. Theeffective moisture diffusion coefﬁcient increased with frying time and temperature.Oil uptake was high even for short frying times (high moisture content), suggestingthat oil wetting is an important mechanism of oil uptake during frying. The normalizedmaximum force (MF*) parameter was used in modeling textural changes in the potatoslices during frying in both stages: (a) the initial tissue-softening stage and (b) thelater crust-development process. Higher temperatures accelerated both processes;however, neither the temperature nor the pretreatment had a signiﬁcant effect (P > 0.05)on the ﬁnal texture of the fried potato chips. The potato chip color-difference param-eter (ΔE) tends to increase sharply as the moisture loss increases with frying time.Porosity increased abruptly as result of violent drying during frying of blanched potatoslices at 180 ° C.
Electrical impedance tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome
(2018) Bachmann, María Consuelo; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo; Bruhn, Alejandro; Morales, Arturo; Retamal Montes, Jaime; Morais, Caio; Borges, João B.; Costa, Eduardo
Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical entity that acutely affects the lung parenchyma, and is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Currently, computed tomography (CT) is commonly used for classifying and prognosticating ARDS. However, performing this examination in critically ill patients is complex, due to the need to transfer these patients to the CT room. Fortunately, new technologies have been developed that allow the monitoring of patients at the bedside. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a monitoring tool that allows one to evaluate at the bedside the distribution of pulmonary ventilation continuously, in real time, and which has proven to be useful in optimizing mechanical ventilation parameters in critically ill patients. Several clinical applications of EIT have been developed during the last years and the technique has been generating increasing interest among researchers. However, among clinicians, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the technical principles of EIT and potential applications in ARDS patients. The aim of this review is to present the characteristics, technical concepts, and clinical applications of EIT, which may allow better monitoring of lung function during ARDS.
Elemental concentrations of ambient particles and cause specific mortality in Santiago, Chile: a time series study
(2012) Valdés, Ana.; Cifuentes Lira, Luis Abdón; Zanobetti, Antonella.; Halonen, Jaana I.; Morata, Diego.; Schwartz, Joel.
Abstract Background The health effects of particulate air pollution are widely recognized and there is some evidence that the magnitude of these effects vary by particle component. We studied the effects of ambient fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5μm, PM2.5) and their components on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, where particulate pollution is a major public health concern. Methods Air pollution was collected in a residential area in the center of Santiago. Daily mortality counts were obtained from the National Institute of Statistic. The associations between PM2.5 and cause-specific mortality were studied by time series analysis controlling for time trends, day of the week, temperature and relative humidity. We then included an interaction term between PM2.5 and the monthly averages of the mean ratios of individual elements to PM2.5 mass. Results We found significant effects of PM2.5 on all the causes analyzed, with a 1.33% increase (95% CI: 0.87-1.78) in cardiovascular mortality per 10μg/m3 increase in the two days average of PM2.5. We found that zinc was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. Particles with high content of chromium, copper and sulfur showed stronger associations with respiratory and COPD mortality, while high zinc and sodium content of PM2.5 amplified the association with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PM2.5 with high zinc, chromium, copper, sodium, and sulfur content have stronger associations with mortality than PM2.5 mass alone in Santiago, Chile. The sources of particles containing these elements need to be determined to better control their emissions.
Encapsulation technologies applied to bioactive phenolic compounds and probiotics with potential application on chronic inflammation
(Elsevier Inc. All, 2022) Ferrer Sierra, Miriam; Rodríguez López, Paloma; Leyva-Jiménez, Francisco Javier; Borras Linares, Isabel; Giacomazza, Daniela; Fredes González, Carolina Paz; Robert Canales, Paz Soledad; Segura Carretero, Antonio; Lozano Sánchez, Jesús
Polyphenols are a group of phytochemicals with multiple associated beneficial effects, especially focused on alleviating damage from oxidative stress and associated inflammatory processes. Furthermore, in recent years there has been growing research on the synergy, already reported, between polyphenols and the microbiota. However, the bioavailability of phenolic compounds in the body appears to be somewhat limited. Consequently, controlled release strategies such as encapsulations could be an effective alternative to ensure adequate delivery to the site of action. This chapter aims to review the literature published to date on the following: (1) Digestion and absorption of phenolic compounds, (2) encapsulation process applied to improve the bioaccesibility/bioavailability of these compounds, (3) probiotic encapsulation process, (4) known synergistic interactions between polyphenols and microbiota, associated with inflammatory processes.
Estrategias para la gestión y priorización de listas de espera oncológicas en el sistema de salud público chileno
(Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, 2024) Carrasco Schmidt, Rodrigo Arnaldo; Peña Durán, José Esteban; Dunstan Escudero, Jocelyn Mariel
Este proyecto abordó los desafíos críticos en la gestión de listas de espera oncológicas en el sistema de salud público chileno, donde la fragmentación, los procesos ineficientes y la falta de datos confiables dificultan la atención oportuna y equitativa. En un trabajo colaborativo con el Hospital Metropolitano Dra. Eloísa Díaz de La Florida y el Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Sur Oriente se diagnosticaron problemas claves, como la ausencia de trazabilidad de pacientes, inequidades en el acceso entre cánceres GES y no GES, y carencias en la priorización basada en datos. Estas limitaciones motivaron el desarrollo de estrategias integrales que combinan ciencia de datos, automatización y optimización matemática, con el objetivo de mejorar la eficiencia en el uso de recursos y los tiempos de atención. Dentro de esta colaboración se realizaron algunas intervenciones piloto, lográndose avances significativos: se automatizó el análisis de datos clínicos mediante herramientas de procesamiento de lenguaje natural, reduciendo los tiempos de respuesta a garantías de salud de 52 a 15 días; se desarrollaron modelos preliminares de optimización para priorizar pacientes según urgencia y capacidad y se estandarizaron procesos para generar datos confiables. Como resultado, se plantean modificaciones de políticas públicas necesarias: (1) estandarización y digitalización de procesos clínicos; (2) automatización del análisis de datos no estructurados; (3) implementación de modelos de optimización matemática para la priorización; y (4) el robustecimiento del Registro Nacional del Cáncer para incorporar los datos necesarios para gestionar el sistema completo. Estas propuestas buscan transformar la gestión oncológica, reduciendo inequidades y mejorando la calidad de vida de los pacientes, a la vez que sientan las bases para replicar estas estrategias en otros hospitales y servicios de salud. El proyecto evidencia cómo la analítica avanzada puede generar un impacto significativo en la atención en salud, promoviendo un sistema más eficiente, equitativo y centrado en las personas.
Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of food samples: a chemical examination of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay
(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2018) Dorta Pérez, Eva; Fuentes Lemus, Eduardo Felipe; Speisky, Hernan; Lissi Gervaso, Eduardo A.; López Alarcón, Camilo Ignacio; Apak, Resat; Capanoglu, Esra; Shahidi, Fereidoon
This chapter describes, from a critical point of view, the main in vitro methodologies employed to assess the antioxidant capacity (AC) of food samples. Considering the wide use of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, it presents a chemical examination of this methodology. The methods for AC evaluation are based on different strategies; these include the use of colored and stable free radicals, evaluation of the capacity of antioxidants to reduce cupric or ferric ions, estimation of the ability of phenolic compounds (PC) to protect a target molecule exposed to a free radical source, and evaluation of the capacity of PC to form nanoparticles. When the antioxidant activity of a particular sample is evaluated, it is recommended to know the meanings and limitations of the assays being employed. In the case of the ORAC assay, the nature of the free radicals generated during the thermolysis of AAPH should also be considered.
Fluid and electrolyte management in neurosurgical critical care
(2020) Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo; Vera Alarcón, María Magdalena; Brambrink, Ansgar M.; Kirsch, Jeffrey R.
Fully Nonparametric Regression Modelling of Misclassified Censored Time-to-Event Data
(2015) Jara, Alejandro; Garcia Zattera, María José; Komárek, Arnost
We propose a fully nonparametric modelling approach for time-to-event regression data, when the response of interest can only be determined to lie in an interval obtained from a sequence of examination times and the determination of the occurrence of the event is subject to misclassification. The covariate-dependent time-to-event distributions are modelled using a linear dependent Dirichlet process mixture model. A general misclassification model is discussed, considering the possibility that different examiners were involved in the assessment of the occurrence of the events for a given subject across time. An advantage of the proposed model is that the underlying time-to-event distributions and the misclassification parameters can be estimated without any external information about the latter parameters.

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