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A quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the sustainability of industrialised building systems: A bibliographic review and analysis of case studies
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) López Guerrero, Rafael Eduardo; Vera Araya, Sergio Eduardo; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; CEDEUS (Chile)
The building construction has a significant impact on sustainability worldwide. However, industrialised building systems (IBS) might reduce these impacts compared to traditional building systems (TBS). Previous literature reviews have analysed IBS's sustainability, based primarily on environmental aspects and through qualitative indicators, disregarding a detailed quantitative comparison between both technologies and nor considering economic and social sustainability indicators. To fill this gap, this paper aims to evaluate vis-à-vis IBS's sustainability in relation to TBS, based on the quantitative and qualitative indicators studied in the literature. Thus, an exhaustive bibliographic review of IBS and TBS case studies was conducted. In total, 67 scientific papers were selected (papers, book chapters and reports), containing 86 case studies. Major findings indicated that IBS are more sustainable in almost all studied values – except construction costs. Nevertheless, this advantage depends on material design, prefabrication levels, transportation, work management and each author's methodological approaches. These factors are discussed to explain the reasons for IBS′ sustainability. Furthermore, main conclusions indicate that sustainability assessments have been unbalanced in literature, with few analyses of economic and social performance, and some indicators have been poorly studied (e.g., water and acidification potential), so their results are not yet representative. Similarly, reusability, prefabrication levels and the social indicators of IBS were insufficiently analysed in the reviewed case studies. Finally, the current review highlights IBS sustainability indicators that have been less studied in order to motivate new investigations in the broader field, exposing the IBS sustainability outlook and other research gaps.
A review of Payment for Ecosystem Services for the economic internalization of environmental externalities : a water perspective
(2016) Bellver Domingo, A.; Hernández Sancho, F.; Molinos Senante, María; CEDEUS (Chile)
A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
(2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
Adaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions
(MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.
Association between informal employment and depressive symptoms in 11 urban cities in Latin America
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022) Huynh, Tran B.; Oddo, Vanessa M.; Trejo, Bricia; Moore, Kari; Quistberg, D. Alex; Kim, Jannie J.; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Vives, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Background: Mental health is an important contributor to the global burden of disease, and depression is the most prevalent mental disorder in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Informal jobs, often characterized by precarious working conditions, low wages, and limited employment benefits, are also highly prevalent in LAC and may be associated with poorer mental health. Our study tests the association between informal employment and major depressive symptoms in LAC cities.Methods: We used individual-level data collected by the Development Bank of Latin America via their "Encuesta CAF" (ECAF) 2016, a cross-sectional household survey of 11 LAC cities (N = 5430). Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale with possible total score ranging from 0 to 30. Scores were dichotomized, with a score > 16 indicating the presence of major depressive symptoms. Informal employment was defined based on self-reported lack of contribution to the social security system. We used generalized estimating equation (GEE) log-binomial models to estimate the association between informal employment and depressive symptoms overall and by gender. Models were adjusted for age, education, and household characteristics.Results: Overall, individuals employed in informal jobs had a 27% higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.27; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.00, 1.62) compared to those in formal jobs. The prevalence of depressive symptoms among individuals with informal jobs was higher compared to those with formal jobs in both women (PR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.74) and men (PR: 1.22; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.65).Conclusions: Informal employment in LAC was associated with a higher prevalence of major depressive symptoms. It is important to develop policies aiming at reducing informal jobs and increasing universal social protection for informal workers.
Car dependency in the urban margins: The influence of perceived accessibility on mode choice
(2024) Blandin, Lola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Hurtubia González, Ricardo Daniel; CEDEUS (Chile)
Car dependence is a dimension of transport poverty whose subjective components have been limitedly explored. Research on car dependence highlights the incidence of transport costs, assesses the multidimensional vulnerability of car-dependency and the possibility to access valued opportunities. However, people’s perceptions and their perceived ability to access destinations may better reflect the way they move in car dependent settings. In this paper, we aim to examine what are the determinants of perceived accessibility and to which extent perceived accessibility influences mode choices in such areas. Based on a survey carried out in four peripheral and periurban municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, we examine how subjective perceptions of accessibility contribute to explain modal choice in the outskirts. Results show that perceived accessibility has a negative net impact on the utilities for both car and public transport, which means that a low perceived accessibility increases the likelihood of choosing motorized modes. Moreover, residents from peripheral municipalities tend to perceive a higher accessibility than households from periurban areas, who are excluded from the public transport system. These findings show the importance of providing nearby opportunities and convenient alternatives to limit car dependency, especially in periurban areas
Changing the way we understand precarious employment and health: Precarisation affects the entire salaried population
(2017) Julia, Mireia; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Covid-19 and city: Towards an integrated model of housing, microbiology, environment and urbanism
(2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Nuñez, Carlos;; González, Bernardo; Bustamante Gómez, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello Robledo, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed Huici, Carmen Marcela; CEDEUS (Chile)
As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
COVID-19 and Precarious Employment: Consequences of the Evolving Crisis
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2021) Matilla-Santander, Nuria; Ahonen, Emily; Albin, María; Baron, Sherry; Bolíbar, Mireia; Bosmans, Kim; Burström, Bo; Cuervo, Isabel; Davis, Letitia; Gunn, Virginia; Håkansta, Carin; Hemmingsson, Tomas; Hogstedt, Christer; Jonsson, Johanna; Julià, Mirei; Kjellberg, Katarina; Kreshpaj, Bertina; Lewchuk, Wayne; Muntaner, Carles; O’Campo, Patricia; Orellana, Cecilia; Östergren, Per-Olof; Padrosa, Eva; Ruiz, Marisol E.; Vanroelen, Christophe; Vignola, Emilia; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Wegman, David H.; CEDEUS (Chile); Department de Salud Pública.Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
The world of work is facing an ongoing pandemic and an economic downturn with severe effects worldwide. Workers trapped in precarious employment (PE), both formal and informal, are among those most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we call attention to at least 5 critical ways that the consequences of the crisis among workers in PE will be felt globally: (a) PE will increase, (b) workers in PE will become more precarious, (c) workers in PE will face unemployment without being officially laid off, (d) workers in PE will be exposed to serious stressors and dramatic life changes that may lead to a rise in diseases of despair, and (e) PE might be a factor in deterring the control of or in generating new COVID-19 outbreaks. We conclude that what we really need is a new social contract, where the work of all workers is recognized and protected with adequate job contracts, employment security, and social protection in a new economy, both during and after the COVID-19 crisis.
¿Cuántas ollas comunes funcionaron en Chile durante el COVID-19?
(Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2025) Valenzuela Levi, Nicolás Darío; Ponce, Javiera; Aguirre, José; Iturrieta Lobos, Danitza Andrea; CEDEUS (Chile)
Este estudio concluye que, en Chile, las ollas comunes actúan como una “infraestructura desde abajo”, activada en tiempos de crisis, beneficiando a una cantidad significativa de personas, sin coordinación, ni apoyo oficial. A modo de sugerencia, las políticas públicas para la resiliencia deben integrar la organización de ollas comunes para enfrentar la inseguridad alimentaria, aprovechando su capacidad de movilizar recursos y prestar servicios solidarios a nivel de comunidad.
Desarrollo de instrumentos para estudiar el impacto en salud de las transformaciones urbanas en contextos de elevada vulnerabilidad: el estudio RUCAS
(2023) Valdebenito Herrera, Roxana Ester; Angelini Pinedo, Flavia Mónica; Schmitt Rivera, Cristián; Baeza Rivas, Fernando Antonio; Cortinez O' Ryan, Andrea Paz; González López, Francisca Teresa; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Este artículo describe el proceso de diseño y las características de un cuestionario y una pauta de observación intradomiciliaria desarrollados para evaluar tanto transversal como longitudinalmente la relación vivienda-barrio-salud en el marco de transformaciones urbanas llevadas a cabo en poblaciones de elevada vulnerabilidad socio-territorial. Los instrumentos se desarrollaron para el estudio longitudinal multimétodos RUCAS (Regeneración Urbana, Calidad de Vida y Salud), un experimento natural cuyo objetivo principal es evaluar el impacto en salud y calidad de vida de un programa de Regeneración de Conjuntos Habitacionales en dos conjuntos de vivienda social en Chile. El diseño de los instrumentos siguió cuatro etapas principales: (1) revisión narrativa de la literatura para definir las dimensiones del estudio, y de instrumentos existentes para identificar ítems apropiados para su medición; (2) validación de contenido con expertos; (3) pre-test; y (4) estudio piloto. El cuestionario resultante, compuesto de 262 ítems, tiene en cuenta las distintas etapas del ciclo vital y cuestiones de género. La pauta de observación intradomiciliaria (77 ítems) es aplicada por el/la encuestadora. Los instrumentos abordan (i) características de la situación residencial actual que sabidamente afectan la salud y serán intervenidas por el programa; (ii) dimensiones de la salud potencialmente afectadas por la situación residencial y/o por la intervención dentro de los plazos del estudio (4 años); (iii) otras condiciones de salud y relacionadas con la salud que sean relevantes, aun cuando no se verán modificadas dentro de los plazos del estudio, y (iv) dimensiones socioeconómicas, ocupacionales y demográficas relevantes. Los instrumentos han mostrado ser una herramienta capaz de abordar la multidimensionalidad de los procesos de transformación urbana en contextos de pobreza urbana en vivienda formal.
Desde la segregación a la exclusión residencial ¿Dónde están los nuevos hogares pobres (2000- 2017) de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile?
(2021) Rasse, Alejandra; Robles Robles, María Sarella; Sabatini D., Francisco; Cáceres Quiero, Gonzalo; Trebilcock, María Paz; CEDEUS (Chile)
La política de vivienda social subsidiada, de masiva aplicación durante los años noventa en Santiago de Chile, conformó una periferia popular altamente segregada. Desde el año 2000, la aplicación de este instrumento decrece, lo que se interpreta como un movimiento de expulsión de la vivienda social hacia el área periurbana de la ciudad. En este marco, este trabajo analiza la localización de las viviendas sociales construidas entre los años 2000 y 2017 en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, para identificar patrones de expulsión, desplazamiento y/o segregación de los beneficiarios de esta política. A través de una estrategia mixta que combinó análisis de información secundaria, fotointerpretación de imágenes satelitales y entrevistas a los directores de obras de comunas periurbanas, concluimos que: 1) no existe evidencia de un proceso de desplazamiento masivo de hogares en vivienda social hacia el periurbano de la ciudad con posterioridad a la década de los noventa, y 2) la producción de vivienda social, tanto en la ciudad de Santiago como en su periurbano, es inferior a los nuevos requerimientos de vivienda, incrementando el déficit habitacional. Se concluye que el actual escenario es de exclusión de los nuevos hogares pobres del mercado de vivienda de Santiago, más que de desplazamiento o aumento de la segregación residencial.
Effects of the Great Recession on suicide mortality in Chile and contributing factors
(2022) Baeza Rivas, Fernando Antonio; González López, Francisca Teresa; Benmarhnia, Tarik; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
Between 2008 and 2009 suicide rates in Chile were higher than those observed before and after, increasing more than in other countries in Latin America. The Great Recession has been suggested as an important factor behind this increase. This study assesses the excess of suicide attributable to the crisis in Chile, a “mature” neoliberal society with a precarious social security system, low salaries, and high levels of indebtedness, and identifies the most relevant economic variables that may contribute to this excess. We pooled data since 2000 on monthly suicide rates, unemployment, economic activity and perception of problematic indebtedness for different sex and age groups. We adopted an interrupted time series design with Poisson regressions models adjusted for monthly variations and non-linear pre-crisis trajectories via restricted cubic splines. We then further controlled for economic variables to evaluate their possible contributions to suicide increase attributable to the economic crisis. Suicide mortality during the crisis period was higher than in the previous period in all sex and age groups. Overall, we estimated that 301 suicides (95% CI: 181 to 422) were attributable to the crisis in Chile. This excess was concentrated among men younger than 65 and women 65 and older. Including unemployment and indebtedness perception in the models reduced the excess of suicides. The increase was concentrated in the first half of the crisis and an early pre-crisis effect could be observed when anticipating the crisis beginning by three months. Results suggest that the Great Recession had an impact on suicide mortality in Chile and that increase in unemployment and indebtedness could be related to this increase. Results by sex and age are consistent with the most vulnerable groups in the context of Chilean neoliberalism. For future crises, improving unemployment insurance, and reinforcing suicide prevention attending to the economic context should be a priority.
El individualismo como política pública: la vivienda incremental amenazada por la pobreza energética
(2023) Encinas, Felipe; Freed, Carmen; Aguirre, Carlos; Schueftan, Alejandra; Vergara, Francisco; Orellana, Sebastián; CEDEUS (Chile)
La vivienda incremental nace como respuesta a la dificultad de muchos hogares vulnerables para acceder a una solución formal, ofreciéndoles un mínimo habitacional como opción. Esto genera desafíos para la política pública, ya que la propia acción de los habitantes puede afectar la calidad de las viviendas, entendida como una dimensión clave para la comprensión de la pobreza energética. Este artículo utiliza un encuadre de la trialéctica del espacio de Pierre Bourdieu para estudiar las interacciones individuales y comunitarias en un condominio de viviendas incrementales con 10 años de antigüedad. De esta manera se pretende relevar la manera en que las familias expuestas a la pobreza energética sufren también la falta de recursos económicos, culturales, sociales y simbólicos. Para esto se utiliza un modelo mixto de análisis que incluye levantamientos constructivos, entrevistas en profundidad y registros de parámetros ambientales. La interpretación de los resultados deja ver que la acción individual bajo situación de precariedad de las propias familias no consigue configurar un espacio simbólico ni físico de representación colectiva, con una materialización adecuada para la habitabilidad de las viviendas. Esto se expresa en desfavorables condiciones de desempeño energético y calidad ambiental interior, altamente vinculadas a las modificaciones constructivas realizadas.
Elderly Walking Access to Street Markets in Chile: An Asset for Food Security in an Unequal Country
(2023) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Castillo, Bryan; Villegas, Rodrigo; Vecchio, Giovanni; Steiniger, Stefan; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)
Street markets can contribute to food security, since they are a source of fresh food and comparably inexpensive goods, being very relevant for low-income groups. Their relevance is even higher when considering older people, due to their often-constrained financial resources and possibilities to move. To assess the potential contribution of street markets to food security, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent older people have access to such a relevant asset. We consider the case of Chile, an ageing country with an unequal pension system, which makes it relevant for older people to access healthy and inexpensive food. We analyze what proportion of older people (i.e., people over 65) has walking access within 10 min to a street market—feria libre—in each Chilean region, with particular detail in the country’s four major urban areas. We compare the resulting accessibility maps with census data to identify neighborhoods with higher proportions of older people and examine their socio-economic conditions. Our findings show that while street markets are less accessible to older people in comparison to the general population, the inhabitants who can access them belong mainly to low-income groups. The results provide relevant insights to develop neighborhood-based policies for spreading and strengthening street markets, especially in low-income areas with insufficient levels of access to other relevant urban opportunities.
Employment and sustainability: the relation between precarious work and spatial inequality in the neoliberal city
(2022) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Ramírez Silva, María Inés; Rehner, Johannes; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
The creation of employment opportunities is a key factor to economic growth, but when pursuing sus tainable development, work arrangements must also be fair and stable. In contrast, precarious employ ment is a common and serious limitation to prospects for development and personal well being in Latin American cities. Discussing this phenomenon in the developing world requires considering the ongoing transformation of the neoliberal urban labour market, the commodity-driven economic struc ture, and questioning how such features relate to the likelihood of urban sustainable development. The present study addresses precarity in urban labour markets and subjective perceptions of stability and prospects and asks how marginalisation and fragmented urban spaces in a neoliberal context relate to the structural characteristics of precarious labour. This relationship between labour and space is anal ysed based on survey data from different types of neighbourhoods in Chile’s two largest metropolitan areas – Santiago and Concepción – using multilevel regression and ANOVA. Our study finds that precar ious employment and poor prospects replicate and reinforce typical territorial inequalities and thus con stitute a serious limitation for sustainable development. We conclude that the current labour market, the features of neoliberal extractivism, and weak formal social protection are obstructing urban development that is sustainable in terms of employment. Thus, the conceptual debate on sustainability and urban pol icy should focus more on the negative effects of precarious employment and its particular relation to spatial fragmentation in growing urban areas.
Experiences of insecurity among non-standard workers across different welfare states: A qualitative cross-country study
(2023) Bosmans, Kim; Vignola, Emilia F.; Alvarez-Lopez, Valentina; Julia, Mireia; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Bolibar, Mireia; Gutierrez-Zamora, Mariana; Ivarsson, Lars; Kvart, Signild; Muntaner, Carles; O'Campo, Patricia; Ruiz, Marisol E.; Vanerhagen, Kristian; Cuervo, Isabel; Davis, Letitia; Diaz, Ignacio; Escrig-Pinol, Astrid; Gunnj, Virginia; Lewchuk, Wayne; Ostergren, Per-Olof; Padrosa, Eva; Vilchez, David; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Vos, Mattias; Zaupa, Alessandro; Bodin, Theo; Baron, Sherry L.; CEDEUS (Chile)
In recent decades, economic crises and political reforms focused on employment flexibilization have increased the use of non-standard employment (NSE). National political and economic contexts determine how employers interact with labour and how the state interacts with labour markets and manages social welfare policies. These factors influence the prevalence of NSE and the level of employment insecurity it creates, but the extent to which a country's policy context mitigates the health influences of NSE is unclear. This study describes how workers experience insecurities created by NSE, and how this influences their health and well-being, in countries with different welfare states: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Interviews with 250 workers in NSE were analysed using a multiple-case study approach. Workers in all countries experienced multiple insecurities (e.g., income and employment insecurity) and relational tension with employers/clients, with negative health and well-being influences, in ways that were shaped by social inequalities (e.g., related to family support or immigration status). Welfare state differences were reflected in the level of workers' exclusion from social protections, the time scale of their insecurity (threatening daily survival or longer-term life planning), and their ability to derive a sense of control from NSE. Workers in Belgium, Sweden, and Spain, countries with more generous welfare states, navigated these insecurities with greater success and with less influence on health and well-being. Findings contribute to our understanding of the health and well-being influences of NSE across different welfare regimes and suggest the need in all six countries for stronger state responses to NSE. Increased investment in universal and more equal rights and benefits in NSE could reduce the widening gap between standard and NSE.
Gender and ageing at work in Chile: employment, working conditions, work-life balance and health of men and women in an ageing workforce
(2018) Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Gray, Nora; González, Francisca; Molina, Agustín; CEDEUS (Chile)
Gender inequality, women's empowerment, and adolescent birth rates in 363 Latin American cities
(2023) Braverman-Bronstein, Ariela; Ortigoza, Ana F.; Vidaña-Pérez, Dèsirée; Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Tonatiuh; Baldovino-Chiquillo, Laura; Bilal, Usama; Friche, Amélia Augusta de Lima; Diez-Canseco, Francisco; Maslowsky, Julie; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Diez Roux, Ana V.; CEDEUS (Chile)
Background: Gender inequality is high in Latin America (LA). Empowering girls and young women and reducing gender gaps has been proposed as a pathway to reduce adolescent pregnancy. We investigated the associations of urban measures of women's empowerment and gender inequality with adolescent birth rates (ABR) in 366 Latin American cities in nine countries. Methods: We created a gender inequality index (GII) and three Women Achievement scores reflecting domains of women's empowerment (employment, education, and health care access) using censuses, surveys, and political participation data at city and sub-city levels. We used 3-level negative binomial models (sub-city-city-countries) to assess the association between the GII and scores, with ABR while accounting for other city and sub-city characteristics. Results: We found within country heterogeneity in gender inequality and women's empowerment measures. The ABR was 4% higher for each 1 standard deviation (1-SD) higher GII (RR 1.04; 95%CI 1.01,1.06), 8% lower for each SD higher autonomy score (RR 0.92; 95%CI 0.86, 0.99), and 12% lower for each SD health care access score (RR 0.88; 95%CI 0.82,0.95) after adjustment for city level population size, population growth, homicide rates, and sub-city population educational attainment and living conditions scores. Conclusion: Our findings show the key role cities have in reducing ABR through the implementation of strategies that foster women's socioeconomic progress such as education, employment, and health care access.
Habilidad de niños, niñas y adolescentes en políticas de regeneración urbana
(Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2021) Rasse, Alejandra; Grau, Olaya; Álvarez, Martín; Ríos, Roxanna; Rivera, Magdalena; CEDEUS (Chile)
El siguiente documento expone los resultados y aprendizajes respecto a los espacios que habitan niñas, niños y adolescentes en contextos de alta vulnerabilidad urbana, obtenidos a partir de un estudio elaborado por el Centro de Desarrollo Sustentable (CEDEUS) en el contexto del Plan de Regeneración Urbana del Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo (MINVU). El trabajo consistió en un estudio de caso basado en entrevistas cualitativas a madres y cuidadoras, y observación etnográfica de departamentos y espacios comunes circundantes donde residían menores de hasta 12 años de edad. Los resultados exponen la falta de adecuación de los espacios a las necesidades de niños y niñas, la continua exposición a situaciones de riesgo, y las dificultades para acceder a espacios abiertos producto de problemáticas de seguridad. A partir de los resultados, se presentan propuestas y recomendaciones hacia los programas habitacionales y urbanos que permitan abordar las problemáticas identificadas.

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