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Browsing Centros UC by Subject "03 Good health and well-being"
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- ItemAssociation of Kawasaki disease with tropospheric winds in Central Chile : Is wind-borne desert dust a risk factor?(2015) Jorquera, Héctor; Borzutzky Schachter, Arturo; Hoyos Bachiloglu, Rodrigo Andrés; García A.; CEDEUS (Chile)
- ItemConsideraciones ambientales para la planificación territorial en ciudades mineras en Chile(Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2022) Pastén González, Pablo Arturo; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra; Moya Arias, Pablo Manuel; Vega Contreras, Alejandra Soledad; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; Precht Rorris, Alejandra; Precht Pizarro, Jorge; Musalem, Francisca; CEDEUS (Chile)Entre las problemáticas ambientales que afectan a las ciudades mineras, una de las más graves es la exposición crónica de la población a metales a través del aire, del suelo o aguas. En 2016, el Ministerio del Medio Ambiente (MMA) evaluó numerosos sitios con potencial presencia de contaminantes (CENMA, 2016), entre ellos los “relaves urbanos”, e identificó múltiples sitios con contaminantes metálicos, concluyendo que existen carencias de información con respecto al contenido de metales en los suelos urbanos y periurbanos en nuestra zona de estudio, la ciudad de Copiapó. El Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS) realizó un diagnóstico de la condición ambiental de Copiapó, para luego estimar de forma preliminar el riesgo a la salud de la población debido a la ingestión de polvos de calles y suelos enriquecidos con metales. Parte de la investigación identificó el origen de los metales en la ciudad y cómo se distribuyen en Copiapó. Luego, se analizó cómo los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial (IPT) y los Instrumentos de Gestión Ambiental pueden ser utilizados para evitar, controlar o mitigar el uso de suelo con presencia de contaminantes a partir de una priorización por las implicancias sanitarias poblacionales. Asimismo, el documento entrega recomendaciones a la política pública para ciudades insertas en un contexto minero.
- ItemEffects of an urban regeneration program on related social determinants of health in Chile: A pre-post intervention study(Elsevier Ltd, 2021) López-Contreras, Natalia; Puig-Barrachina, Vanessa; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Olave-Müller, Paola; Gotsens, Mercè; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de MedicinaUrban regeneration programs, such as “Programa Quiero mi Barrio” (PQMB) that is carried out in neighborhoods with greater deprivation across Chile, can improve health and quality of life in socio-economically deprived neighborhoods. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of this program on the physical, social, and safety environments of neighborhoods intervened between 2011 and 2018, according to gender and socioeconomic position. Four indices and six sub-indices were constructed to measure physical, social, and safety environments of the neighborhoods. We conducted a pre- and post-intervention analysis with 2095 people using linear models adjusted for repeated measurements. After the intervention, participants had an improved perception of physical, social, and safety environments, as well as the use of spaces, particularly among women and people with higher levels of education. Therefore, the PQMB program is a form of public policy that can improve the quality of life and health of people living in underprivileged areas.
- ItemExceso de mortalidad en población en edad de trabajar en nueve países de Latinoamérica, año 2020Benavides, Fernando G.; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Zimmerman, Marta; Silva Penaherrera, Michael; CEDEUS (Chile)Objetivo. Estimar el impacto de la pandemia de la COVID-19 durante el año 2020, a través del exceso de mortalidad por todas las causas y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos en la población en edad de trabajar, de una selección de países latinoamericanos y el Caribe. Métodos. Estudio basado en datos de defunciones por todas las causas entre 15 y 69 años, procedentes principalmente de los Institutos Nacionales de Estadísticas. Se estimaron defunciones esperadas a partir de las registradas entre 2015 y 2019. El exceso de mortalidad fue estimado a través del indicador P, la razón de mortalidad estandarizada (RME) y los años potenciales de vida laboral perdidos (AVLP) hasta los 70 años. Resultados. El exceso de defunciones en Brasil, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, México, Perú y República Dominicana sumó 431 083 (282 558 en hombres y 148 575 en mujeres), lo que representó una pérdida de 5 715 770 (3 742 955 en hombres y 1 972 815 en mujeres) de APVLP. La mortalidad observada fue significativamente superior a la esperada en todos los países, menos República Dominicana. Conclusiones. El impacto de la COVID-19 en la población en edad de trabajar tendrá un impacto profundo en la situación socioeconómica. El recuento oportuno del exceso de muertes resulta útil y puede ser usado como un sistema de alerta temprana para monitorizar la magnitud de los brotes de COVID-19. La monitorización del exceso de mortalidad en personas en edad de trabajar, realizada por el Observatorio Iberoamericano de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo permite evaluar con mayor exactitud la carga social y económica de la COVID-19.
- ItemExperiences of insecurity among non-standard workers across different welfare states: A qualitative cross-country study(2023) Bosmans, Kim; Vignola, Emilia F.; Alvarez-Lopez, Valentina; Julia, Mireia; Ahonen, Emily Q.; Bolibar, Mireia; Gutierrez-Zamora, Mariana; Ivarsson, Lars; Kvart, Signild; Muntaner, Carles; O'Campo, Patricia; Ruiz, Marisol E.; Vanerhagen, Kristian; Cuervo, Isabel; Davis, Letitia; Diaz, Ignacio; Escrig-Pinol, Astrid; Gunnj, Virginia; Lewchuk, Wayne; Ostergren, Per-Olof; Padrosa, Eva; Vilchez, David; Vives Vergara, Alejandra; Vos, Mattias; Zaupa, Alessandro; Bodin, Theo; Baron, Sherry L.; CEDEUS (Chile)In recent decades, economic crises and political reforms focused on employment flexibilization have increased the use of non-standard employment (NSE). National political and economic contexts determine how employers interact with labour and how the state interacts with labour markets and manages social welfare policies. These factors influence the prevalence of NSE and the level of employment insecurity it creates, but the extent to which a country's policy context mitigates the health influences of NSE is unclear. This study describes how workers experience insecurities created by NSE, and how this influences their health and well-being, in countries with different welfare states: Belgium, Canada, Chile, Spain, Sweden, and the United States. Interviews with 250 workers in NSE were analysed using a multiple-case study approach. Workers in all countries experienced multiple insecurities (e.g., income and employment insecurity) and relational tension with employers/clients, with negative health and well-being influences, in ways that were shaped by social inequalities (e.g., related to family support or immigration status). Welfare state differences were reflected in the level of workers' exclusion from social protections, the time scale of their insecurity (threatening daily survival or longer-term life planning), and their ability to derive a sense of control from NSE. Workers in Belgium, Sweden, and Spain, countries with more generous welfare states, navigated these insecurities with greater success and with less influence on health and well-being. Findings contribute to our understanding of the health and well-being influences of NSE across different welfare regimes and suggest the need in all six countries for stronger state responses to NSE. Increased investment in universal and more equal rights and benefits in NSE could reduce the widening gap between standard and NSE.
- ItemHealth Effects of Pesticide Exposure in Latin American and the Caribbean Populations: A Scoping Review(Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2022) Zúñiga-Venegas, Liliana A.; Jara, Juan P. Gutiérrez; Hyland, Carly; Cardenas, Andrés; Smith, Anna; Mora, Ana M.; Muñoz-Quezada, María Teresa; Lucero, Boris; Quirós-Alcalá, Lesliam; Butinof, Mariana; Buralli, Rafael; Fernandez, Ricardo A.; Foerster, Claudia; Gouveia, Nelson; Muñoz, María Pía; Ramírez-Santana, Muriel; Tirado, Noemi; Joode, Berna van Wendel; Calaf, Gloria M.; Handal, Alexis J.; Silva, Agnes Soares; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra Isabel; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2022, Public Health Services, US Dept of Health and Human Services. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND: Multiple epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to pesticides is associated with adverse health outcomes. However, the literature on pesticide-related health effects in the Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) region, an area of intensive agricultural and residential pesticide use, is sparse. We conducted a scoping review to describe the current state of research on the health effects of pesticide exposure in LAC populations with the goal of identifying knowledge gaps and research capacity building needs. METHODS: We searched PubMed and SciELO for epidemiological studies on pesticide exposure and human health in LAC populations published between January 2007 and December 2021. We identified 233 publications from 16 countries that met our inclusion criteria and grouped them by health outcome (genotoxicity, neurobehavioral outcomes, placental outcomes and teratogenicity, cancer, thyroid function, reproductive outcomes, birth outcomes and child growth, and others). RESULTS: Most published studies were conducted in Brazil (37%, n = 88) and Mexico (20%, n = 46), were cross-sectional in design (72%, n = 167), and focused on farmworkers (45%, n = 105) or children (21%, n = 48). The most frequently studied health effects included genotoxicity (24%, n = 62) and neurobehavioral outcomes (21%, n = 54), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides were the most frequently examined (26%, n = 81). Forty-seven percent (n = 112) of the studies relied only on indirect pesticide exposure assessment methods. Exposure to OP pesticides, carbamates, or to multiple pesticide classes was consistently associated with markers of genotoxicity and adverse neurobehavioral outcomes, particularly among children and farmworkers. DISCUSSION: Our scoping review provides some evidence that exposure to pesticides may adversely impact the health of LAC populations, but methodological limitations and inconsistencies undermine the strength of the conclusions. It is critical to increase capacity building, integrate research initiatives, and conduct more rigorous epidemiological studies in the region to address these limitations, better inform public health surveillance systems, and maximize the impact of research on public policies.
- ItemTemporal evolution of main ambient PM2.5 sources in Santiago, Chile, from 1998 to 2012.(2017) Barraza Saavedra, Francisco Javier; Lambert, Fabrice; Jorquera, Héctor; Villalobos, Ana María; Gallardo, Laura; CEDEUS (Chile)