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A comparative study of soil metal concentrations in Chilean urban parks using four pollution indexes
(2022) Vega, Alejandra; Arce, Guillermo; Rivera, Javier I.; Acevedo, Sara E.; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; Bonilla, Carlos A.; Pasten Gonzalez, Pablo Arturo; CEDEUS (Chile)
Toxic metal enrichment in urban soils from natural and anthropogenic sources is a public health concern thatchallenges sustainable urban development. Active and legacy mining is likely a major contributor of localizedmetal pollution in resource-based economies, although other sources associated with industrial and trans-portation activities may also contribute in urban settings. In mining countries, such as Chile, with no soil qualityregulation, public policies that seek to protect human health should assess metal distribution and pollution in-dexes to guide interventions, especially in urban green spaces. To assess the role of active and legacy miningwaste sites within the urban and peri-urban areas, metal concentrations in the soils of urban parks weremeasured in this study, and four pollution indexes were calculated for four cities of Chile. Copiap ́o and Andacolloin northern Chile represented the cities with several active and legacy mining waste sites located within theurban and peri-urban areas, while conurbation La Serena-Coquimbo and Gran Santiago represented the cities inmining districts that lacked major mining waste sites within their urban perimeters. A total of 82 (Copiap ́o), 30(Andacollo), 26 (La Serena-Coquimbo), and 59 (Gran Santiago) composite surface soil samples were collectedfrom the urban parks. Considering Canadian guidelines for residential/parkland soils, the value for Cu (63 mg/kg) was found to be exceeded in 99%, 50%, 100%, and 97% of samples collected from Copiap ́o, La Serena-Coquimbo, Andacollo, and Gran Santiago, respectively. The guidelines for lead (140 mg/kg) and zinc (250mg/kg) were exceeded in less than 12% of samples collected from Copiap ́o and Gran Santiago. Arsenic was notmainly quantified (<10% quantification frequency, quantification limit = 36 mg/kg). The calculated modifiedpollution load, Nemerow, and soil quality indexes indicated that soils in the urban parks were more polluted incities with urban mine wastes, however, the pollution load index ranked higher metal pollution in Gran Santiago.This study presented the first comparative study of metals in urban parks of Chile, highlighting a large proportionof parks with soil copper concentrations above the international guidelines, while showing higher median values in cities containing urban mine waste disposal sites.
A global horizon scan for urban evolutionary ecology
(2022) Verrelli, Brian C.; Alberti, Marina; Des Roches, Simone; Harris, Nyeema C.; Hendry, Andrew P.; Johnson, Marc T. J.; Savage, Amy M.; Charmantier, Anne; Gotanda, Kiyoko M.; Govaert, Lynn; Miles, Lindsay S.; Rivkin, L. Ruth; Winchell, Kristin M.; Brans, Kristien I.; Correa, Cristian; Diamond, Sarah E.; Fitzhugh, Ben; Grimm, Nancy B.; Hughes, Sara; Marzluff, John M.; Munshi-South, Jason; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Santangelo, James S.; Schell, Christopher J.; Schweitzer, Jennifer A.; Szulkin, Marta; Urban, Mark C.; Zhou, Yuyu; Ziter, Carly; CEDEUS (Chile)
The impact of urbanization on biodiversity has been well documented, yet research into the complex dynamics of ecological and evolutionary processes in urban areas is still in its infancy. When novel research challenges emerge, a horizon scan exercise is an integrated approach that brings together global interdisciplinary-minded individuals to identify future research questions that can influence new collaborations and funding agenda. Our horizon scan identified 30 questions for future research in urban evolutionary ecology covering themes in fundamental ecological and evolutionary processes, temporal and spatial scales, sustainability, climate change, sociopolitical and ethical considerations, and innovation in technology. Research on the evolutionary ecology of urban areas reveals how human-induced evolutionary changes affect biodiversity and essential ecosystem services. In a rapidly urbanizing world imposing many selective pressures, a time-sensitive goal is to identify the emergent issues and research priorities that affect the ecology and evolution of species within cities. Here, we report the results of a horizon scan of research questions in urban evolutionary ecology submitted by 100 interdisciplinary scholars. We identified 30 top questions organized into six themes that highlight priorities for future research. These research questions will require methodological advances and interdisciplinary collaborations, with continued revision as the field of urban evolutionary ecology expands with the rapid growth of cities.
A simple low-cost approach for transport parameter determination in mountain rivers
(2021) Castillo, Daniela; Runkel, Robert L.; Duhalde, Denisse; Pasten Gonzalez, Pablo Arturo; Arumí, José L.; Oyarzún, Jorge; Núñez, Jorge; Maturana, Hugo; Oyarzún, Ricardo; CEDEUS (Chile)
A simplified low-cost approach to experimentally determine transport parameters inmountain rivers is described,with an emphasis on the longitudinal dispersion coefficient(DL). The approach is based on a slug injectionof table salt (NaCl) as a tracer and specificconductance readings at different locations downstream of the injection spot. Observedspecific conductance readings are fit using the advection-dispersion equation withOTIS-P, yielding estimates of cross-sectional area and longitudinal dispersion coefficientfor various stream reaches. Estimates of theDLare used to assess the accuracy of sev-eral empirical equations reported in the literature. This allowed the determination ofcomplementary transport parameters related to transient storage zones. The empiricalequations yielded rather highDLvalues, with some reaching up an order of magnitudehigher to those obtained from tracer additions and OTIS-P. Overall, the proposedapproach seems reliable and pertinent for river reaches of ca. 150 m in length.
Accesibilidad de proximidad y envejecimiento demográfico: desafíos para la adaptación de los espacios de la movilidad
(2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Cantallopts Creo, David Alonso; CEDEUS (Chile)
El trabajo examina la relación entre entorno construido y accesibilidad de proximidad, analizando las características de los barrios de Santiago de Chile en donde se concentran los mayores porcentajes de personas mayores. Analizando antigüedad, densidad y tipologías de vivienda, el trabajo identifica ocho categorías de barrios que envejecen, diferentemente distribuidas a lo largo de un anillo que rodea el centro de la ciudad de Santiago. No se evidencia una clara relación entre tipologías de barrios y proximidad, siendo diferentes los patrones de accesibilidad a oportunidades urbanas. Al identificar tipologías prevalentes de barrios que envejecen, los resultados ofrecen indicaciones para adaptar las ciudades para las personas mayores y garantizar condiciones de vida más saludables.
Accessibility Indicators for the Geographical Assessment of Transport Planning in Latin-America Metropolitan Area
(MDPI, 2021) Martínez, Marcela ; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Condeço-Melhorado, Ana; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)
Accessibility represents a key element in strengthening developed regions in terms of investment in transportation infrastructure. Accessibility is also an equity indicator to measure the ease with which a specific location achieves desired outcomes as well as the spillover effect; traditionally, these effects have been analyzed with econometric and engineering techniques, rather than from the perspective of geographical studies. The purpose of this research is to measure the spillover effects and the territorial cohesion of Infrastructure Regional Planning (PRI) for the Latin American metropolitan area of Concepción (MAC), Chile. To meet this purpose, locational and network efficiency indicators of spatial accessibility were calculated using network analysis in GIS. The results showed that the improvements differ according to the accessibility indicator employed; however, they generally showed benefits in consolidated urban centers and corridors near investment and industrial areas. In contrast, more distant and rural areas presented limited and irregular benefits.
Accessibility Indicators to Fresh Food: A Quantitative Insight from Concepción, Chile
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC, 2022) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Widener, Michael J.; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; Meneses, Fernando; Rodríguez, Tiara; CEDEUS (Chile)
Accessibility is crucial to establishing and maintaining a nutritious and healthy diet. Although much of the literature on access to healthy food has focused on study areas in the Global North, the topic is of growing relevance to other regions across the globe. In Chile, where the prevalence of chronic diseases related to obesity and diet has increased, and over 50 percent of Chileans are considered overweight or obese, improving accessibility to healthy food has been an essential strat egy for improving health outcomes, including the food environment. In this article, we analyze walking accessibility from homes and workplaces to open street markets and supermarkets that sell fresh fruits and vegetables and consider the role of price in the Concepcion metropolitan area, the second most populated city in Chile. Results suggest that supermarkets and open street markets are distributed in a complementary way. Open street markets have a crucial role in facilitating access to more affordable products for peripheral and low-income areas. Findings also show workplaces increase accessibil ity in a way that is complementary to residential location
Actitudes de mujeres hacia la electromovilidad
(2024) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Vecchio, Giovanni; Waintrub, Natan; CEDEUS (Chile)
La investigación indaga en la relación entre género y electromovilidad en Santiago de Chile por medio de una encuesta, centrándose en cómo las mujeres adoptan prácticas de movilidad eléctrica en un contexto de carbono neutralidad. El objetivo principal es entender las actitudes de las mujeres hacia la electromovilidad y su disposición a modificar sus hábitos de transporte hacia modos más sustentables. La metodología incluye una encuesta telefónica aplicada a mujeres mayores de 18 años en cuatro comunas de la región metropolitana de Santiago: La Pintana, San Miguel, Ñuñoa y Las Condes, la cual explora sus experiencias y percepciones sobre diferentes modos de transporte eléctrico. Los resultados revelan un uso predominante del metro, el cual ya es un modo eléctrico. Respecto de otros modos eléctricos, aunque existe una conciencia general sobre los beneficios ambientales de la electromovilidad, la adopción de vehículos eléctricos y la bicicleta eléctrica está condicionada por factores económicos, sociales y de infraestructura. Las mujeres en comunas de menores ingresos muestran una alta disposición a adoptar modos eléctricos solo si se superan las barreras económicas y de acceso. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de políticas inclusivas y equitativas que no solo promuevan la movilidad eléctrica, sino que también aborden las desigualdades existentes en el acceso a tecnologías y mejoren la percepción de seguridad entre las usuarias.
Agenda Pública para la Zona Costera e Islas
(Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, PUC, 2022) Bergamini Ladrón de Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Guzmán Martínez, Pablo; Moris Iturrieta, Roberto; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Vecchio, Giovanni; Alarcón Miranda, Andrea Francisca; CEDEUS (Chile)
Actualmente las zonas costeras están sometidas a grandes transformaciones, ya sea por las presiones que genera el cambio climático o las de carácter antrópico provocadas por el crecimiento de población en asentamientos costeros. En este sentido, se vuelve indispensable enfocar esfuerzos académicos en estos territorios, debido a los grandes desafíos que enfrentan desde la planificación territorial y urbana. El Núcleo de Planificación Integrada de Zonas Costeras e Islas, durante el año 2021 buscó visibilizar la situación actual de la costa chilena y colaborar en consensos de lineamientos y objetivos de una agenda preliminar destinada a abordar las problemáticas de estas zonas. Para esto, se organizaron tres actividades con invitados del mundo académico, estudiantes, profesionales y representantes de la sociedad ad hoc a la temática, denominadas Conversaciones Creativas de PIZIS, sumado a una instancia de presentación en modalidad de conversatorio. Como metodología de trabajo se ocupó el Método MAPGUÍA Conversaciones Creativas, para fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y la coproducción con un total de 48 participantes en todo el proceso. Como resultados de los talleres, en una primera instancia se obtuvo un diagnóstico, donde se reconocieron las principales tensiones que sufren las zonas costeras, sumado a la identificación de cuatro macrotemas que son fundamentales de abordar: Gobernanza y Planificación Integrada, Gestión de Riesgo y Cambio Climático, Desarrollo Sustentable y Economía Circular, y por último Diseño Urbano e Infraestructura. Posteriormente se avanzó en la definición de los componentes y objetivos que debe considerar la Agenda preliminar de Políticas Públicas, los cuales permitieron determinar ocho temas claves para abordar los desafíos a nivel país en la Agenda, y en orden de jerarquía fueron los siguientes: Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Gobernanza de Zona Costera e Islas, Escasez y Gestión Hídrica, Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza, Resiliencia y Gestión de Riesgo, Propiedad y Gestión de Suelo, Geopolítica y Desarrollo Territorial, y Empleo y Espacios Productivos. Con las directrices de una Agenda preliminar de Zonas Costeras e Islas del país, se espera fortalecer la investigación científica y aplicada con el propósito de incidir de manera concreta en políticas públicas que busquen reconocer y valorar la zona costera por medio de una planificación integrada y sustentable.
Assessment of the flood mitigation ecosystem service in a coastal wetland and potential impact of future urban development in Chile
(2022) Rojas, Octavio; Soto, Evelyn; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; López, J. Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
A worldwide increase in flooding due to climate change and population growth in exposed areas is expected, especially in coastal areas; therefore, nature-based solutions (NBS) for risk reduction are necessary to increase the resilience of cities, particularly in developing countries, which usually lack large budgets for structural measures but have natural areas such as wetlands that can be used as NBS. The flood mitigation ecosystem service of a coastal wetland in central Chile was analyzed. Using hydrological and topo-bathymetric data, two flood hazard scenarios were modeled: (i) S1 current and (ii) S2 projected, which was established based on land-use planning instruments and urban projects developed since 1954. Flood hazard maps for different return periods were obtained and indicators related to the mitigation potential of the wetland were calculated. It was proven that urban project development has intensified since 2000, mainly in the form of real estate development, with an increase in occupation of 50%, and the wetland area is projected to be further reduced by around one third, decreasing potential flood mitigation. Thus, for an extreme return period, in this case 500 years, the water volume stored by the wetland would decrease by more than 38% and the flooded area of the wetland by 30%, increasing flooding and vulnerability of the urban area, with various repercussions for surrounding neighborhoods and infrastructure. The number of people and homes affected would increase by around 6% and 8%, respectively, such that the affected land value would reach an additional US$55 million, which would be very detrimental in a city that has seen its natural spaces encroached upon by gray infrastructure. This research reaffirms the need to support the restoration and conservation of coastal wetlands under pressure from urban development in an area with a lack of green infrastructure planning.
Car dependency in the urban margins: The influence of perceived accessibility on mode choice
(2024) Blandin, Lola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Hurtubia González, Ricardo Daniel; CEDEUS (Chile)
Car dependence is a dimension of transport poverty whose subjective components have been limitedly explored. Research on car dependence highlights the incidence of transport costs, assesses the multidimensional vulnerability of car-dependency and the possibility to access valued opportunities. However, people’s perceptions and their perceived ability to access destinations may better reflect the way they move in car dependent settings. In this paper, we aim to examine what are the determinants of perceived accessibility and to which extent perceived accessibility influences mode choices in such areas. Based on a survey carried out in four peripheral and periurban municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, we examine how subjective perceptions of accessibility contribute to explain modal choice in the outskirts. Results show that perceived accessibility has a negative net impact on the utilities for both car and public transport, which means that a low perceived accessibility increases the likelihood of choosing motorized modes. Moreover, residents from peripheral municipalities tend to perceive a higher accessibility than households from periurban areas, who are excluded from the public transport system. These findings show the importance of providing nearby opportunities and convenient alternatives to limit car dependency, especially in periurban areas
Challenges and opportunities for drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) in metal-rich areas: an integrated approach
(2022) Briso, Alejandro; Vega, Alejandra; Molinos Senante, María; Pasten Gonzalez, Pablo Arturo; CEDEUS (Chile)
The physicochemistry and production rate of drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) depends on the raw water composition and the plant operational parameters. DWTRs usually contain Fe and/or Al oxyhydroxides, sand, clay, organic matter, and other compounds such as metal(oids), which are relevant in mining countries. This work proposes a simple approach to identify DWTRs reuse opportunities and threats, relevant for public policies in countries with diverse geochemical conditions. Raw water pollution indexes and compositions of DWTRs were estimated for Chile as a model case. About 23% of the raw drinking water sources had moderate or seriously contamination from high turbidity and metal(loid) pollution If the untapped reactivity of clean DWRTs was used to treat resources water in the same water company, the 73 and 64% of these companies would be able to treat water sources with As and Cu above the drinking water regulations, respectively. Integrating plant operational data and the hydrochemical characteristics of raw waters allows the prediction of DWTRs production, chemical composition, and reactivity, which is necessary to identify challenges and opportunities for DWTRs management.
Compact development and preferences for social mixing in location choices: results from revealed preferences in Santiago, Chile
(2021) Hurtubia González, Ricardo; Cox, Tomás; CEDEUS (Chile)
Even though densification and social mixing are declared objectives of many nowadays urban planning paradigms, their simultaneous implementation is usually questioned by different actors and is not frequent in practice. In a market economy, understanding potential demand for this class of development, from different types of households, is essential to define public policies oriented to achieve both compact development (CD) and social mixture. To understand the preferences of households and potential demand, we implement a location choice model based on a bid–rent framework and spatial latent classes (LC), using census data and location attributes. By using spatial LC, we do not impose exogenous definitions of which zones are perceived as CD or suburban, rendering a robust method to identify variation in preferences. We apply the model to Santiago de Chile, where social mixing in dense and well-located areas is being intensely discussed. We find strong differences in households' valuation of attributes between spatial classes. Results show that social mixing is more difficult in dense, well-connected areas than in suburban areas because higher-income households are more sensitive to the socioeconomic context of the location in compact areas. Besides showing evidence on household preferences and their implications for social-mixing policies, this paper also provides a proof of concept for the use of spatial LC (proposed in previous work by the authors), showing this is a robust methodology allowing to generate behavior-based classifications for urban areas. The paper also contributes methodologically, by deriving the elasticity formulation for bid-auction location choice models, which allows quantifying the importance of location attributes in location probability.
Copper entrapment and immobilization during cement hydration in concrete mixtures containing copper tailings
(2021) Vargas, Felipe; Alsina, Marco A.; Gaillard, Jean-François; Pasten Gonzalez, Pablo Arturo; López, Mauricio; CEDEUS (Chile)
The use of copper tailings as supplementary cementitious material can reduce the environmental impacts ofconcrete production and the mining industry. A key concern limiting its application is the potential leaching oftoxic metals from the cementitious matrix, especially copper. To analyze and reduce the risk of leaching, themechanisms by which copper is entrapped in the cementitious matrix were investigated, by combining micro-scopic and spectroscopic approaches. Decreasing the water-to-binder ratio was statistically relevant to reducecopper leaching. Scanning Electron Microscope micrographs allowed to spatially localize enriched copperclusters within the cementitious hydration products. In the early stages of the cementitious hydration (i.e., 24 h),no spatial correlation between copper and hydration products was found; however, after seven days, copper wasspatially associated with calcium silicate hydrates. Cu K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopyprovided insights into the chemical speciation of copper in the cementitious matrix. It showed that copper sulfideand oxide phases persisted, whereas the copper sulfate phases were prone to dissolution and reprecipitation ascupric hydroxides induced by the relatively high pH from calcium hydroxides formed during hydration. Pro-moting the formation of hydration products can further reduce copper leaching from the alkaline cementitiousmatrix. A better understanding of metal entrapment mechanisms could lead to new strategies that reduce themobility of toxic elements when using copper tailings, increasing their use as a replacement of cement. With thisknowledge, it is expected to answer if it is possible to improve the copper entrapment into the cementitiousmatrix and if there is a risk of leaching once is entrapped.
De la resistencia urbana al urbanismo ciudadano. Estrategias de activación patrimonial en Concepción metropolitano, Chile
(Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2017) Pérez Bustamante, Leonel; Matus Madrid, Christian; CEDEUS (Chile)
Desde 2010 se moviliza en Concepción metropolitano una significativa revaloración del patrimonio urbano como herramienta de construcción de espacio público y rescate de identidades locales, cuyo ejemplo más patente es la declaratoria como Monumento Nacional de la Fábrica Bellavista Tomé en 2016. Se aborda el concepto de patrimonio y sus tensiones, planteando nexos con la participación ciudadana, desarrollando una mirada analítica de las intervenciones desarrolladas por tres plataformas ciudadanas, relacionadas con el patrimonio en Concepción, Tomé, Talcahuano, en los últimos cinco años. Un análisis descriptivo de sus prácticas de apropiación y activación patrimonial permite explicar la lógica de acción de dichos colectivos y estudiar sus acciones de gestión patrimonial como expresiones de un urbanismo participativo, revelando el aporte ciudadano de nuevas prácticas de uso y gestión que van desde una visión tradicional del patrimonio hasta una noción que plantea su revaloración a partir del ejercicio de un derecho al patrimonio.
Delivery workers and the interplay of digital and mobility (in)justice
(2022) Vecchio, Giovanni; Tiznado Aitken, Ignacio Andrés; Tironi Rodo, Tomás; Albornoz, Camila; CEDEUS (Chile)
On-demand delivery services are experiencing a moment of expansion, which the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to foster. For cities in quarantine, these services allow the supply of food and other primary goods without moving from home, making riders move and access them on behalf of the clients. During a pandemic, working as a rider potentially increases the risks of an already precarious job given the contractual arrangements and the algorithmic control that characterize this gig economy sector. We argue that platforms have generated forms of injustice that are reproduced and amplified by digital platforms encoded in the Global North, which are governed by regulations and optimization criteria that do not dialogue with the precarious reality of Global South cities. Focusing on the case of Santiago de Chile, our analysis draws on the triangulation and complementarity of two instruments: interviews before the COVID-19 pandemic and surveys involving riders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings show that platforms generate specific forms of injustice that affect riders and their mobility in particular. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened such forms of digital injustice, increasing the pressure for constantly working and the exposure of riders to threats such as accidents, criminality and health risks.
Dinámicas urbanas en territorio indígena: transformación en las formas de habitar mapuche en el lof Rengalil, Labranza (región de la Araucanía, Chile)
(2022) Nuñez Marengo, Amapola Isabel; Riquelme Maulén, Wladimir Esteban; Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Maturana, Francisco; Morales, Mauricio; CEDEUS (Chile)
Las formas de habitar mapuche son diversas y heterogéneas, constituidas en parte por prácticas residenciales que integran el medio circundante, la naturaleza y los sitios de significación cultural. En la región de la Araucanía, al sur de Chile, se ha urbanizado sobre territorio indígena, lo que ha transformado las prácticas y movilidades de habitantes mapuche que actualmente intentan preservar sus modos de vida ancestrales enmarcados en luchas explícitas por el cuidado de la tierra y naturaleza. Este artículo demuestra que la urbanización acelerada del territorio ancestral indígena implica también transformaciones en las prácticas y acciones cotidianas espacializadas, y da cuenta de una arista escasamente estudiada de la geografía mapuche en entornos urbanos
Elderly Walking Access to Street Markets in Chile: An Asset for Food Security in an Unequal Country
(2023) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Castillo, Bryan; Villegas, Rodrigo; Vecchio, Giovanni; Steiniger, Stefan; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)
Street markets can contribute to food security, since they are a source of fresh food and comparably inexpensive goods, being very relevant for low-income groups. Their relevance is even higher when considering older people, due to their often-constrained financial resources and possibilities to move. To assess the potential contribution of street markets to food security, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent older people have access to such a relevant asset. We consider the case of Chile, an ageing country with an unequal pension system, which makes it relevant for older people to access healthy and inexpensive food. We analyze what proportion of older people (i.e., people over 65) has walking access within 10 min to a street market—feria libre—in each Chilean region, with particular detail in the country’s four major urban areas. We compare the resulting accessibility maps with census data to identify neighborhoods with higher proportions of older people and examine their socio-economic conditions. Our findings show that while street markets are less accessible to older people in comparison to the general population, the inhabitants who can access them belong mainly to low-income groups. The results provide relevant insights to develop neighborhood-based policies for spreading and strengthening street markets, especially in low-income areas with insufficient levels of access to other relevant urban opportunities.
Employment and sustainability: the relation between precarious work and spatial inequality in the neoliberal city
(2022) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Ramírez Silva, María Inés; Rehner, Johannes; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
The creation of employment opportunities is a key factor to economic growth, but when pursuing sus tainable development, work arrangements must also be fair and stable. In contrast, precarious employ ment is a common and serious limitation to prospects for development and personal well being in Latin American cities. Discussing this phenomenon in the developing world requires considering the ongoing transformation of the neoliberal urban labour market, the commodity-driven economic struc ture, and questioning how such features relate to the likelihood of urban sustainable development. The present study addresses precarity in urban labour markets and subjective perceptions of stability and prospects and asks how marginalisation and fragmented urban spaces in a neoliberal context relate to the structural characteristics of precarious labour. This relationship between labour and space is anal ysed based on survey data from different types of neighbourhoods in Chile’s two largest metropolitan areas – Santiago and Concepción – using multilevel regression and ANOVA. Our study finds that precar ious employment and poor prospects replicate and reinforce typical territorial inequalities and thus con stitute a serious limitation for sustainable development. We conclude that the current labour market, the features of neoliberal extractivism, and weak formal social protection are obstructing urban development that is sustainable in terms of employment. Thus, the conceptual debate on sustainability and urban pol icy should focus more on the negative effects of precarious employment and its particular relation to spatial fragmentation in growing urban areas.
Emprendimiento en ciudades intermedias en Chile: Sus vínculos con el empleo y la sustentabilidad urbana
(2021) Rodríguez, Sebastián; Rehner, Johannes; CEDEUS (Chile)
Envejecer en la playa. La emergente migración de personas mayores hacia el Litoral Central de Chile (1987-2017)
(Universidad Austral de Chile, 2023) Vecchio, Giovanni; Castillo Mendoza, Bryan Williams; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile)
La migración de las personas mayores hacia zonas costeras es un fenómeno común en los países del Norte global, pero también puede ser significativo en regiones que están envejeciendo gradualmente, como América Latina. En este estudio, investigamos si también se produce migración de personas mayores hacia zonas costeras en Chile –país del Sur global que envejece rápidamente– a pesar de las condiciones socioeconómicas desfavorables para la mayoría de su población mayor. Tomando como caso de estudio el Litoral Central de Chile, se realiza un análisis cuantitativo de datos censales (1992, 2002 y 2017) para observar la evolución de la población de municipios costeros que no pertenecen a áreas metropolitanas y donde los procesos de urbanización han sido más intensos. Los resultados muestran que también habría migración de personas mayores hacia zonas costeras hacia el Litoral Central de Chile, aunque la condición socioeconómica de estas personas emerge como una característica importante que explica la participación en la migración hacia zonas costeras y la elección de los destinos de reubicación

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