I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales

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A Critical-Empirical Approach to the Use of Demographic Methods and Sources in Urban Studies
(wiley, 2021) Truffello Robledo, Ricardo Enrique; Rojas Marchini, Maria Fernanda; Flores, Mónica
© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.This chapter discusses methods and sources in demography and urban studies from a critical-empirical perspective to reflect on 'how' and 'with what effects' these techniques, practices, and procedures have affected urban planning and policy interventions. It presents a general timeline of historical sources of demographic information while critically interrogating them by exploring Latin American cases. The chapter looks at Big Data's entrance into – and transformation of – demographic methods and urban policy interventions. Population studies and other demographic methods became fundamental tools in the twentieth century for conducting public policy design. Surveys are critical tools to evaluate demographic trends obtained from censuses and develop projections that complete time periods without exhaustive data. Space sampling surveys and large data bases of statistical systems have resulted from the development of methodologies to fill the gaps in administrative records. Sociologist, Sarah Brayne, claims that surveillance and Big Data have shown similar rising patterns during the last decade.
Acceder caminando a los humedales urbanos: una opotunidad de recreación y bienestar
(Universidad del Bío Bío, 2022) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Jorquera Guajardo, Felipe Ignacio; Steiniger, Stefan; CEDEUS (Chile)
Los humedales de las ciudades chilenas constituyen uno de los ecosistemas urbanos más afectados por los desarrollos inmobiliarios. A pesar de sus valores en recreación y en biodiversidad, sufren una constante pérdida de superficie, debido a deficientes procesos de planificación urbana. Sin embargo, ante el auge de las ciudades verdes y sustentables, se están revalorizando por medio de proyectos de restauración y de parques urbanos abiertos, de valor natural para el bienestar de los hábitats y la población. En este sentido, propiciar una accesibilidad con una infraestructura adecuada aportará a mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes y por supuesto del entorno urbano, concretamente a través de la integración de infraestructura verde-azul (blue-green infrastructure). Con la finalidad de contribuir al acceso a la naturaleza en ciudades, se realiza aquí un análisis de accesibilidad a pie, a una red de humedales llamada “La Ruta del Agua”, mediante una encuesta de percepción. Los humedales urbanos evaluados son 5 ecosistemas con distintos entornos barriales en Concepción Metropolitano (Chile). Si bien se trata de un caso de estudio local, representa una contribución metodológica relevante, dada la existencia de una gran cantidad de humedales urbanos degradados en Latinoamérica y en peligro de desaparecer. Los resultados de acceso muestran que los humedales son accesibles por vía de la caminata, pero el hecho de que sean poco visitados, pese a su cercanía a las zonas residenciales, revela su falta de integración como espacios abiertos, verdes, ricos en biodiversidad y aptos para la recreación en la ciudad de Concepción. Los resultados de este estudio son valiosos para el diseño de futuros de proyectos de parques en humedales, parques que deben considerar los valores ecosistémicos, la biodiversidad y la recreación para el bienestar de las personas.
Accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos según movilidad y modos de transporte en una ciudad media, Los Ángeles, Chile
(Universidad Compultense Madrid, 2019) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Martínez Bascuñán, Marcela; De la Fuente Contreras, Helen; Schäfer Faulbaum, Andrés; Aguilera Saéz, Felipe; Fuentes Mella, Gloria; Peyrín Fuentes, Consuelo; Carrasco Montagna Cruz, Juan
La relación entre distribución de equipamientos y servicios en sus diferentes ni-veles de accesibilidad según modos de transporte, muestra una serie de patrones espaciales de movilidad en la ciudad de Los Ángeles (Chile). El estudio analiza la accesibilidad a equipamientos colectivos en modos de transporte, mediante una serie indicadores cuantitativos, utilizando análisis de redes. Se emplean datos de viajes en modos de transporte privado, público y caminata, de la encuesta Origen-Destino (2004). Los resultados evidencian diferencias en la accesibilidad entre el centro y periferia de Los Ángeles. De hecho, la población del centro tiene alta acce-sibilidad, concentrando las mayores y mejores oportunidades. En contraste, la po-blación periférica en crecimiento que, en su mayoría, viaja largas distancias para acceder, especialmente en caminata. Este análisis contribuye a discutir sobre las implicancias de las oportunidades y el papel del transporte en la movilidad de ciu-dades medias de Latinoamérica con un centro preponderante.
Ageing, therefore marginal: demographic trends and institutional capacity in marginal Chilean municipalities
(European Regional Science Association, 2022) Vecchio G.
© 2022 by the authors.In Global South countries, ageing is an incoming phenomenon with socio-spatial implications that are not much explored yet. Global North countries are already facing ageing trends with significant territorial consequences, such as declining populations that contribute to making certain areas marginal. However, different factors may determine the marginality of a municipality or a region in other settings. Drawing on these premises, the paper discusses whether ageing demographic trends contribute to territorial marginality also in a Global South setting. The paper focuses on the case of Chile, a country characterised by significant territorial inequalities and a population that is becoming older. In doing so, it has a twofold purpose: first, examine census data to define what areas are currently experiencing a demographic decline and if these correspond to the areas that national policies define as marginal; second, examine official documents to consider to what extent both national policies and local development plans define ageing as an element of marginality. The decline of population in Chile defines a geography of marginality that complements and expands the one defined in policy strategies, including more areas. In contrast, institutions at different levels are only partially prepared for dealing with the socio-spatial implications of an increasingly older population.
Assessing the Role of Land-Use Planning in Near Future Climate-Driven Scenarios in Chilean Coastal Cities
(2023) León, Jorge; Winckler, Patricio; Vicuña del Río, María Magdalena; Guzmán Pincheira, Simón Andrés; Larraguibel, Cristian
This study reviews the degree to which land-use planning addresses climate change adaptation in Chilean Low Elevated Coastal Zones (LECZ). We first select 12 of the country’s most exposed coastal municipalities using a Municipal Exposure Index (MEI). Then, we conduct a content analysis of the communal regulatory plans (CRPs) using a “presumed exposure analysis”, which assumes that the inventory of assets within LECZ, according to the 2017 census, is a proxy of the exposure. Then, we conduct a more refined “hazard exposure analysis” by comparing changes in flooding levels between a historical period (1985–2004) and the RCP8.5 scenario (2026–2045). Using the latter approach, we show that flooding could affect large portions of the municipalities’ housing areas (3.7%), critical facilities (14.6%), and wetlands (22.7%) in the period 2026–2045. In the presumed exposure analysis, these percentages rise to 7.5%, 23.9%, and 24.9%, respectively. We find that CRPs also allow for a densification of exposed residential areas, whose density would increase by 9.2 times, on average, between the historical period and the RCP8.5 scenario. Additionally, only four municipalities define floodable zones as “risk areas”. Lastly, the difficulty in updating CRPs and their antiquity −21.25 years old on average could explain their ineffectiveness in implementing climate change adaptation strategies.
Barrios verticales en Santiago de Chile: nuevas formas de sociabilidad vecinal y familiaridad pública
(Wiley, 2023) Link F.; Senoret A.; Matus C.; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2023 Universidad de Chile. All rights reserved.In the last two decades Santiago de Chile has experienced an important verticalization process, promoted by financialization in a context of urban neoliberalism, which has radically transformed the built environment in central areas, the sociodemographic composition, as well as the social practices and interactions of its inhabitants. Although the literature recognizes a low local sociability in neighborhoods of intensive densification by high-rise buildings, this paper proposes to consider the importance of daily encounters in the public space and the emergence of eventual links in everyday practices, thus expanding the notion of local sociability. Three vertical neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile, were analyzed through secondary data about their urban environment, as well as primary data collected through surveys, focus groups, and network interviews. The results indicate that, although densification by high-rise construction inhibits social interaction at a building level and deteriorates the formation of strong ties at a neighborhood level, in some cases, the daily use of public space and local commerce, as well as neighborhood organization, favor the emergence of public familiarity bonds, transforming the traditional idea of neighborhood community. Based on these results, we seek to discuss the social impacts of the processes of densification by verticalization, in relation to daily practices in the formation of communities.
Caminando a los parques urbanos: Calidad y acceso público
(Universidad Austral de Chile, 2020) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; De la Fuente-Contreras, Helen; Díaz-Muñoz, Sebastián; Rueda-Seguel, Ivonne; Olguín-Carrillo, Natalia; Gallardo, Marta; CEDEUS (Chile)
Los parques urbanos son espacios verdes caracterizados por su concepción multifuncional que incorpora, junto a la vegetación y las áreas de paseo y estanciales, zonas de juego, deportivas o de ocio. Por su tamaño y composición aportan beneficios sociales y físicos a la ciudadanía además de ecológicos y medioambientales a la propia ciudad. Vivir próximos a ellos es clave para mejorar la calidad de vida. Este estudio mide el acceso a pie de residentes con diferentes perfiles demográficos a trece parques urbanos clasificados según su calidad en la ciudad de Concepción, Chile. Los resultados muestran que los adultos y niños disponen de un acceso expedito a parques de calidad, mientras que los adultos mayores, aquejados de mayores problemas de movilidad y una distribución residencial más central, presentan los peores datos independientemente de la calidad de los parques existentes
COVID-19 y ciudad: hacia un modelo integrado de vivienda, microbiología, ambiente y urbanismo
(Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 2021) Encinas Pino, Felipe; Soto-Liebe, Katia; Aguirre Núñez, Carlos Andrés; González, Bernardo; Bustamante, Waldo; Schueftan, Alejandra; Ugalde, Juan; Blondel, Carlos; Truffello, Ricardo; Araya, Paz; Freed, Carmen; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2021, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya. All rights reserved.As of May 2020, the global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus moves its epicentre to Latin America, with cities showing high rates of poverty, segregation, and overcrowding. Current advances in microbiology make it possible to understand in depth the relationships between cities, COVID-19, and other microorganisms, but a conceptual framework to articulate them is lacking, especially in contexts where social determinants are so relevant. This article proposes an integrated approach to microbiology, housing, environment, and urbanism, based on a model of interactions and an empirical analysis applied to Santiago de Chile. It was possible to analyse how the propagation of COVID-19 in the city is enhanced by vulnerabilities of socio-spatial, residential and urban health, including an approach from the concept of energy poverty. At the same time, it was possible to verify how the variables associated with these vulnerabilities allowed to explain the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants through the different communes of Santiago de Chile. Among these, the level of housing overcrowding, the number of households with heads of household in precarious employment, and travel to the central business district stand out. Finally, the need for microbiological sampling to improve housing conditions, neighbourhoods, and cities propose a new research agenda for this Urban Microbiome" multidisciplinary team, contributing to overcoming the vulnerabilities identified in this research.
Cultura de cohesión e integración en las ciudades chilenas
(2012) Wormald Delpiano, Guillermo; Flores Cordero, Carolina Andrea; Sabatini Downey, Francisco; Trebilcock Gac, María Paz; Rasse Figueroa, Alejandra Paz
This research posits that the degree of spatial proximity and social contact among people sharing diverse socioeconomic levels defines social cohesion, that is to say, the norms and values that generate attitudes and behaviors conducive to the survival and development of a society. The main question of this article lies in the possibilities for the strengthening of social cohesion offered by a) current ways of integration and coexistence in different public and institutional spaces within the urban context; b) willingness to have a greater level of social contact; and c) the value given to the existing opportunities for contact. The hypothesis is that a society offering higher and valued contact opportunities among different groups would show a tendency to be more cohesive in a less conflictive context, so long as people take such opportunities. An exploratory qualitative approximation to families from different social backgrounds belonging to the Metropolitan Region of Santiago suggests a limited awareness of the experiences of those of different socio-economic backgrounds. Such heterogeneity occurs mostly in regulated public spaces, where contact may be expected to be uncomfortable and conflictive. This is why indifference appears as a predominant element. In this case, heterogeneity is the consequence of other decisions.
Densidad urbana, forma y sociabilidad en la ciudad neoliberal: el caso del barrio Santa Isabel en Santiago de Chile
(Universidad de Chile. FAU, 2019) Señoret Swinburn, Andrés; Link, Felip; Universidad de Chile. Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Since the 1990s, the Santa Isabel neighborhood in Santiago, Chile, has undergone a radical process of urban growth and densification which can be associated with the neoliberal turn that characterized public policies and urban growth since the 1980s. This global process of "urban neoliberalism" is characterized by the relevance that the private sector acquires in urban development of the cities, maximizing profitability over other considerations. The following article seeks to study the consequences of this type of neoliberal urban development in urban morphology on a neighborhood scale, as well as in the way in which the inhabitants relate to each other and with their territory. Through a multi-methodological approach, integrating census data, urban morphology indicators, survey results, field observations and in-depth interviews, it seeks to understand how this type of urban development that encourages the maximization of profits by private parties, affects the public dimension of urban space. It is identified that the characteristics of the built environment, added to its new sociodemographic composition, inhibit the use of the neighborhood, neighborhood sociability and the permanence of its inhabitants, contributing to generate a transitory neighborhood, which is transforming the own condition of the city.
Design research for disaster and risk mitigation. The FOVI international project as a case study in architectural education
(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2025) Barrientos Díaz, Macarena; León, Jorge; Laclabere Arenas, Sebastián; Vicuña del Río, María Magdalena; Ovalles, Larisa; Mazereeu, Miho
This article introduces the FOVI project, titled “Design Research for Disaster and Climate Change Resilience on the Coasts of Chile”, as a pedagogical case study in risk-oriented design. It highlights an international collaborative framework involving four architectural and urban planning education programs, in Chile and the United States. By addressing the limited literature on disaster preparedness in architectural education, the project aims to contribute meaningfully to this emerging field. Design/methodology/approach: Key findings underscore the importance of transitioning from transactional to transformative learning. This was achieved through three primary strategies: (1) reimagining the traditional architectural studio structure, (2) fostering horizontal and collaborative teaching and learning and (3) pursuing a broader and more meaningful approach to architectural education expanding the broader impact of architectural education. The impact of these three strategies is discussed with a sample of participating students, who valued positively the opportunity to introduce and integrate these different strategies into the studio setting. Findings: A significant innovation from this initiative is the development of the proto-proyectos (proto-projects) methodology. This approach bridges urban and territorial analysis with the architectural design process, ensuring stronger coherence between urban and architectural proposals. By offering a flexible, open-ended process that spans multiple scales, the methodology supports more efficient and agile design outcomes, which is appropriate for addressing complex, real-life problems like disaster risk mitigation. Originality/value: By addressing the limited literature on disaster preparedness in architectural education, the project aims to contribute meaningfully to this emerging field. Key findings underscore the importance of transitioning from transactional to transformative learning. This approach bridges urban and territorial analysis with the architectural design process, ensuring stronger coherence between urban and architectural proposals.
Disciplinary inflections: Contesting three concepts for the construction of the post-neoliberal cityInflexiones disciplinares: disputando tres conceptos para la construcción de la ciudad posneoliberal
(Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile 1, 2021) Encinas F.; Encinas F.; Truffello R.; Tironi M.; Truffello R.; Aguirre C.; Aguirre C.; Freed C.; Vergara-Perucich F.; Hidalgo R.; Tironi M.; CEDEUS (Chile)
© 2021, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile 1. All rights reserved.When words become fashionable, their use modifies their meaning. By understanding this performative condition, this text analyzes the current implications of the concepts of sustainability, resilience, and integration. Then, it argues the need to overcome the neoliberal city if we want these meanings to become real.
El despliegue del espacio urbano en la comprensión de los procesos sociales y económicos. Una mirada desde las revistas especializadas en Chile durante la década de 1970
(2023) Ibarra Alonso, Macarena Carolina; Martínez, Marco González
In the context of the effects that the rapid urbanization processes in Latin America, academic and professional discussions about the urban space emerged as part of the urban agenda in the 1970 decade. This article analyses, for the Chilean case, the development of the main topics of discussion and how they were related to theory and practice of town planning, in the last phase of developmentalism that, during decades, marked the political and economic agenda of the region. Although several periodicals and journals concentrated in the urban problem circulated during the period, this article concentrates in the contents of EURE and CEPAL journals which, due to its scope of influence registered the way in which social and economic processes were understood in perspective of urban development.
Estrategias educativas en sectores populares de Santiago: elección escolar, segregación residencial y Ley de Inclusión
(2024) Angelcos Gutierrez, Nicolás; Abufhele, Valentina; Theodore, Rachel; Mendez Layera Maria Luisa
This article examines the educational strategies adopted by families living in two working-class neighborhoods in Santiago. These neighborhoods have been classified as “critical neighborhoods” by the State, and we explore the correlation between these strategies and the recently enacted Inclusion Law. This law was implemented in 2016 and, among other things, ends the selection of students by schools. Our qualitative research shows that schools play a significant and active role in the process of social differentiation within the neighborhood. Despite the socioeconomic homogeneity of the investigated neighborhoods, families establish symbolic boundaries in relation to those neighbors whom they perceive as lacking aspiration towards social mobility through the educational strategies they adopt. Given the diverse range of educational strategies identified, there are heterogenous viewpoints concerning the Inclusion Law. While some perceive it as a step forward in building a more equitable society, others view it as a potential threat to desired social mobility.
Exportación de la contaminación en Chile. Análisis de procedimientos sancionatorios de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente, 2013-2019
(2022) Bergamini Ladrón De Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Dextre, Rosa María
The economic model based on the extraction and export of natural resources to countries that process raw materials, and the influence of the great powers or developed countries in this condition, has caused environmental deterioration. This research analyzes the data of the sanctioning procedures imposed by the Superintendence of the Environment of Chile between 2013 and 2019 to the holders of investment projects that failed to comply with current environmental regulations. It is found that the items with the highest number of charges filed correspond to export activities (mining, agriculture and livestock, manufacturing facilities, and fishing and aquaculture) whose fines for environmental non-compliance amount to almost 411,000,000 usd and are led, after Chile, by foreign investment capitals. It is argued that these companies from countries with better environmental standards do not apply the same operating conditions in Chile. This shows shortcomings in the implementation of state and business policies related to the country’s sustainable development discourse.
Forma urbana e infraestructura social: el Anillo Interior y el Parque Inundable de la Aguada para un Santiago de Chile Resiliente
(Ministerio de Fomento, 2022) Rosas-Vera J.; Bannen-Lanata P.; Moris-Iturrieta R.
© 2022, Ministerio de Fomento. All rights reserved.The valley in Santiago de Chile is crossed by the Zanjón de la Aguada, a natural wadi of rainwa-ter, agricultural channels and sewage of the city. In much of its urban history, on the periphery of the center, it was constituted as an inner frontier border, vulnerable and stigmatized by slums, industrial zones and recurrent floods. In 2001, a regeneration process began with a focus on the transformation of pericen-tral areas lagging behind the modernization process, named Inner Ring of Santiago, which includes the transformation of the Zanjón into the Aguada Flood Park. Its design strengthens metropolitan capacities in the face of flood risk and requalifies the quality of the adjacent public space, becoming a benchmark for social infrastructure and resilience. An opportunity for the metropolis to navigate its future challenges: achieving a better balance with its environment and better social cohesion.
Historiografía urbana en América Latina. Temas, perspectivas y escalas durante el último medio siglo
(Birkhauser, 2025) Gonzalez-Martinez M.; Ibarra Alonso Macarena Carolina
© 2025 Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins. All rights reserved.Latin American urban historiography has undergone significant development since the mid-twentieth century. From its origins, it focused on cities and their urbanization processes, with the works of the region’s first generation of urban historians strongly influenced by the economic and social approaches that dominated the social sciences during that period. In subsequent decades, shifts within the historical discipline fostered more diverse research themes and perspectives, while new scales of analysis for studying urban spaces shaped the scholarship of subsequent generations. By the late twentieth century, theoretical and methodological reflections—spurred by the emergence of new and diverse perspectives, such as those from cultural and environmental studies—also influenced changes in the scales of analysis. These shifts addressed urban issues in their various dimensions, advancing understandings of the «urban» toward a more territorial scale.
Interdisciplinary Implementation of the National Rural Development Policy in Local and Regional Strategic Planning Instruments in Chile
(Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2025) Mollenhauer Gajardo Katherine Alexandra; Moreno D.; Orellana Ossandon Arturo Maximiliano
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.In ChileChile, the developmentInterdisciplinary and planningPlanning of rural territory has historically lagged behind urban planningUrban planning. The National Rural Development Policy (PNDR) has highlighted these gaps as well as introduced a new approach to rurality. However, there is evidence that this policy has had a low level of implementation in strategic planningPlanning instruments at the local level (community development plan, PLADECO) and regional level (regional development strategy, ERD) (Orellana et al., North Great Geography Journal, 31–49, 2020). Understanding this problem, the question arises of how to address the implementation of this national policy in local and regional planningPlanning instruments. In this context, the Office of Agricultural Studies and Policies (ODEPA) asked a group of researchers from the Governance and Territorial PlanningPlanning Core (NuGOT) of the Catholic University, to develop an innovative methodological strategy that would integrate traditional methods of planningPlanning and urban and territorial management with ethnographic methods applied to the designDesign of public servicesServices (Mollenhauer et al., II Interdisciplinary congress of research in architecture, design, city and territory (pp. 205–223), 2017). The presentation discusses how the components, methods, techniques and instruments that make up the toolkits (practical guides) become relevant tools for municipal officials, regional governments and consulting firms involved in the formulation of PLADECO`s and ERD’s to engage in public policy (Molokwane and Lukamba, The 3rd annual international conference on public administration and development alternatives (pp. 192–199), 2018) through the application of the criteria of the PNDR despite it being an indicative policy. It also discusses the interdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary, participatory and co-creative methodological process (Sanders and Simons, A social vision for value co-creation in design, 2009) from the designDesign of servicesServices and its contribution to urban planningUrban planning (Miettinen and Sarantou, Arts-based methods for decolonising participatory research (pp. 123–145), 2021) for the development of both toolkits and as a strategy to reduce uncertainty in the process of innovation in public servicesServices (LIP, 2017).
La dimensión banal de la conflictividad socioambiental en la ciudad. Análisis de las denuncias ambientales en Santiago de Chile
(Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2023) Stamm, Caroline; Ulloa Contador, Gabriela Estefanía
Few studies on large Latin American cities have addressed socio-environmental conflictive in its non-exceptional dimension, that is, in its everyday or banal dimension. This article analyzes which are the banal environmental problems, where they are reported, and what is the relationship between complaints and urban territories, in terms of socioeconomic level, density, and types of land occupation. The analysis is based on a database of environmental citizen complaints reported to the Superintendence of the Environmental and to the municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, among which three communes —Independencia, Lo Barnechea and San Bernardo— are examined in detail. The municipal data were then georeferenced and statistically and spatially analyzed. The research shows that mixed residential sectors with high density are those that concentrate more complaints, mainly about noise. From the nature of the environmental claims and the spatial analysis of this database, we reflect about a new geography of urban conflict in its banal dimension, and its meaning in terms of citizen constructions of the environment in different territories of the city.
La modernización entre cafetales: San José, Costa Rica, 1880-1930
(2013) Ibarra Alonso, Macarena Carolina

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