FIS Tesis magíster

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Numerical simulations of wire array Z-pinches under variations of global magnetic fields
(2017) Donoso Tapia, Luis Alberto; Veloso Espinosa, Felipe Eduardo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
During the last five years a lot of work has been done with the computational code GORGON [1,2] to simulate the dynamics of transient plasmas. The main work has been focused on studying plasmas in different configurations of wire arrays.These configurations include conical arrays [3,4,5], asymmetrical cylindrical arrays [6].This thesis focuses on two primary areas. First, how does spatial resolution affect the reliability of observed simulation results? This was studied by simulating conical wire array Z-pinches with varying resolutions. Second, the dynamics of Z pinch plasmas generated by asymmetrical wire arrays are examined. This causes the magnetic field topology to become asymmetrical, this causing the plasma to move away from the geometrical center [6]. Regarding the conical arrays studied in this work, a low electronic density region was initially observed, which was located between two high density regions, similar to what has been observed in stellar phenomena like the Herbig-Haro objects [7]. However, subsequent simulations, with resolution increased by a factor of 2,5,have disproved this supposition.The second main aspect of this work shows how undermassed aluminium wire configurations can be used for accurate control of plasma dynamics, by modifying the governing magnetic field topology of the system. This leads to an acceptable method for controlling the direction and velocity of the plasma precursor within a time period similar to the associated pulsed power generator rise time [6,8,9].
Individual breast dosimetry for mammographic exams : a back-projection approach
(2017) Rioseco Mora, Camila Belén; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Dörner Yaksic, Edgardo Andrés; Häring, Peter; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
The aim of this project is to propose and validate a procedure for estimating a dose at the axial plane of the breast in patients under mammographic exposure by means of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) dosimetry. In vivo transit dosimetry consists of measuring the transmitted radiation through the breast with an EPID, and then back-projecting the fluence through the same volume in order to reconstruct the dose at a certain plane. The methodology relies on the fact that from individual beam attenuation information, is possible to estimate dose deposition in the mammary gland. Beam attenuation was calculated from the exit and entrance fluence. Monte Carlo simulation of the entrance fluence was computed for three beam qualities. Exit fluence is calculated for each case, by deconvolution of the EPID image with previously determined composite kernel. A complete model (i.e., X-ray tube, breast compression paddle, different breast thickness and detector) of the GE Senograph Essential with Tomosynthesis device, was simulated with EGSnrc. Specific codes as BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc were used for beam and detector simulations, respectively. Three different beam qualities were simulated (only for 2D conventional mammography image acquisition) and additionally, and in-house graphical user interphase MATLAB1 program “BreDose” was designed to estimate doses at an axial mid-plane of the breast from the EPID images.
Wetting properties of n-alkane thin films to understand the adherence mechanism of artificial membranes on silicon substrates
(2017) Díaz Díaz, Diego Ignacio; Volkmann, Ulrich; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
In this work we present a study of the wetting properties of silicon samples coated with a single layer of n-alkane molecules that self-assemble perpendicular to the surface.The types of molecules studied here are n-alkane chains, mainly n-dotriacontane (n-C32 H66), that were deposited on silicon substrates with a thin native silicon oxidelayer (15˚A). The thin films were prepared by Dip-Coating technique in a C32 H66/n-heptane solution. The techniques used to characterize these films are Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). In this research a contact angle setup was developed to measure wettability of submonolayer films. An influence of morphology and coverage on the contact angle was found. Moreover, alkane molecules migrate much like a reverse coffee-ring effect after drop evaporation, forming complex tail-like morphologies.This research is relevant to understand alkane adhesion on silicon substrates, which is related with artificial membrane fabrication, which are used for biosensors applications. Micro-structured pattern like stripes could be applied as templates for other materials, especially considering the possibility of creating homogeneous surfaces with nanometer thick films.
Optical surface monitoring and pillow positioning configuration for complex system's set-up
(2017) Loreto Javiera Godoy Solís; Häring, Peter, 1965-; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Optical Surface Monitoring and Pillow Positioning Configuration for Complex System’s Set-Up: Aligning the patient’s target volume, isocenter and OARs with the linac’s isocenter can be done using certain immobilization device and imaging to adapt therapy if any variation of the tumor or patient’s body has occurred. In this investigation, a configuration of 10 pillows and Vision RT were employed to positioning the patient while it was checked by CBCT. The results show that for non-coplanar fields, Vision RT is accurate enough, with shifts less than 1º and 1mm. 4 pillows in a wedge under the head show an accurate position in the rotational axis (lessthan 1º) comparing with Vision RT and the off-set values given by the CBCT, although more pillows should be necessary for thorax and pelvis plans, since the differences between both methods are in average of 5 mm and 10º. Since the image registration was made manually, there are difference between 2 CBCTs of 6 mm and 5º in average in each plan, around the same magnitude than the difference between the two methods, so the differences might be due to the fact that Vision RT matches surfaces and CBCT matches the target volume, and because the manual image registration is involved with a human error
Evaluación dosimétrica de tratamientos con Leksell gamma knife en presencia de inhomogeneidades
(2018) Elgueda Farías, Susan Pamela; Caprile Etchart, Paola F.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Contrasting neutron star heating mechanisms with Hubble Space Telescope observations
(2018) Rodríguez Tapia, Luis; Reisenegger, Andreas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
Si las estrellas de neutrones se enfriaran pasivamente, se esperaría que se vuelvan indetectables en un tiempo menor a 107 años, al alcanzar bajas temperaturas T < 104 K. Sin embargo, radiación del tipo ultravioleta, que implica temperaturas superficiales T ∼ 105 K, fue detectada desde los pulsares de Giga años PSR J0437- 4715 y PSR J2124-3358 y también desde el pulsar B0950+08 cuya edad es ∼ 107 años. Esta discrepancia puede ser explicada por un grupo de mecanismos de calentamiento propuestos en la literatura. Usando el código de Petrovich y Reisenegger se calcularon curvas de evolución térmica considerando diferentes mecanismos de calentamiento. Estas fueron contrastadas con las temperaturas inferidas a partir de las observaciones de los pulsares para determinar cuál es la principal fuente de emisión térmica de las estrellas de neutrones. Encontramos que el calentamiento rotoquímico, reacciones nucleares en las capas profundas de la corteza y el calor liberado por la fricción de vórtices superfluidos pueden mantener la estrella lo suficientemente caliente más allá del tiempo estándar de enfriamiento pasivo y explicar las observaciones.Si las estrellas de neutrones se enfriaran pasivamente, se esperaría que se vuelvan indetectables en un tiempo menor a 107 años, al alcanzar bajas temperaturas T < 104 K. Sin embargo, radiación del tipo ultravioleta, que implica temperaturas superficiales T ∼ 105 K, fue detectada desde los pulsares de Giga años PSR J0437- 4715 y PSR J2124-3358 y también desde el pulsar B0950+08 cuya edad es ∼ 107 años. Esta discrepancia puede ser explicada por un grupo de mecanismos de calentamiento propuestos en la literatura. Usando el código de Petrovich y Reisenegger se calcularon curvas de evolución térmica considerando diferentes mecanismos de calentamiento. Estas fueron contrastadas con las temperaturas inferidas a partir de las observaciones de los pulsares para determinar cuál es la principal fuente de emisión térmica de las estrellas de neutrones. Encontramos que el calentamiento rotoquímico, reacciones nucleares en las capas profundas de la corteza y el calor liberado por la fricción de vórtices superfluidos pueden mantener la estrella lo suficientemente caliente más allá del tiempo estándar de enfriamiento pasivo y explicar las observaciones.
Deviations of the leptonic branching ratios of the heavy Higgs in the MSSM with broken R-parity
(2018) Méndez Leiva, Andrés; Díaz, Marco A.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
We performed a phenomenological study of the leptonic decay modes of a heavy Higgs in a supersymmetric scenario which we called the ϵλ-MSSM, in which we added ϵ-bilinear and λ-trilinear terms to break R-parity explicitly, constrained by the most recent neutrino experimental data. In particular, we explored the possibilityof decreasing the coupling associated to the τ τ mode, in order to reduce the large number of events predicted by other typical R-parity conserving (RpC) models to justify the non-observation of any heavy scalar resonance, while opening regions of the parameter space which were previously excluded. We also study the possibility of enhancing the µµ mode due to its importance in future experimental searches. We found that even with a loose cosmological bound given by the sum of the neutrino masses, the deviations for the τ τ mode are smaller than a 1%, while for the µµ mode it can be up to 50%. However, once we constrained our parameters to reproduce the most recent neutrino observables associated with neutrino oscillation, we found that the deviations attained in each mode are extremely small, leading to deviations of ∼ 0.0001% for the µµ mode and ∼ 0.0000000001% for the τ τ model, making the ϵλ-MSSM indistinguishable from the RpC-MSSM case in the leptonic channels.
Feasibility study : use of cine-MRI in MR-guided particle therapy
(2018) Sepúlveda Muñoz, César; Pfaffenberger, Asja; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Cinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cine-MRI) are fast time-resolved 2D MRI sequences that allow online visualization of organ motion without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. In this study, the potential of cine-MRI for the definition of animage-based gating criterion in particle therapy of pancreatic cancer is investigated. Transversal cine-MRI are employed to segment the pancreas, since they can provide information on tissue changes in the beam-path during delivery. Volunteer data were acquired on 10 different acquisition days. An image-based gating window was defined based on the breathing-curve (BC) of the first day (end-exhale breathing phase ±30%). The superposition of the pancreas segmentations in this window was calculated. For other days of data acquisition, the agreement with this initial superposition contour was evaluated by using different segmentation image similarity metrics. Additionally, a motion analysis of the pancreas was performed. From the metrics comparisons, a gating criterion was defined to establish when irradiation can be allowed. An evaluation of the dosimetric differences due to differences in the segmentations achieving the criterion and the spatial location of the organs was carried out for a proton treatment. Although the method applied was subjected to several limitations, it was proved to be feasible.
Evaluación de algoritmos comerciales de cálculo de dosis absorbida de fotones en regiones fuera del campo de tratamiento
(2018) Medina Ascanio, Karem Nathalie; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Los algoritmos presentes en los Sistemas de Planificación están optimizados para entregar una dosis veraz y precisa dentro de los límites del campo de tratamiento. Fuera de este, se ha demostrado una inexactitud que depende del algoritmo particular. Este estudio analiza, por medio de medidas experimentales, la exactitud de la dosis fuera del campo de dos algoritmos semianalíticos, Pencil Beam Convolution y Collapsed Cone Convolution, implementados en dos Sistemas de Planificación comerciales EclipseTM (Varian Medical System) y Monaco® (Elekta) respectivamente, así como también, el algoritmo de cálculo de dosis basado en métodos de Monte Carlo implementado en Monaco®. Tanto los cálculos con los Sistemas de Planificación, como las determinaciones experimentales de las dosis se realizaron en medios homogéneos (agua) para diferentes configuraciones de campos convencionales y para una distribución de dosis de un plan real de IMRT de próstata. Las determinaciones experimentales se llevaron a cabo con TLDs-100, películas radiocrómicas EBT3 ycámara de ionización Semiflex. Los resultados obtenidos al comparar perfiles dedosis laterales de campos abiertos calculados por los algoritmos respecto a los medidos experimentalmente muestran que, a partir del 9% de la dosis los cálculos realizados por el algoritmo Pencil Beam subestiman la dosis real en un promedio de 53%. Mientras que, se obtuvo un buen acuerdo con los cálculos realizados por el algoritmo Collapsed Cone, con una desviación local promedio de aproximadamente 2,5%. En el caso del algoritmo Monte Carlo, de los resultados obtenidos no se puede inferir ninguna conclusión ya que cálculos de este tipo (conformados) donde se logra la dosis deseada con una incertidumbre de 1% en un punto (generalmente el isocentro), emplean pocas partículas para lograr dicha incertidumbre y, por lo tanto, el ruido estadístico se hace significativo. Con respecto al desempeño de los algoritmos Pencil Beam y Monte Carlo en el caso de un plan clínico de irradiación de próstata en relación a la medida experimental con EBT3, al hacer un análisis gamma local (3% - 3 mm) ambos algoritmos fallaron en regiones de dosis bajas (> 5%), siendo el algoritmo MC el que obtuvo la mayor cantidad de puntos que no pasaron el criterio gamma, mientras que, Pencil Beam fue el que arrojo mayor imprecisión en regiones de dosis altas (para lo cual es análisis gamma fue global, respecto al máximo).
Predictors for radiation-induced xerostomia and their reliability considering random setup errors and parotid gland migration
(2018) Astaburuaga García, Rosario; Bangert, Mark; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Desarrollo e implementación de un sistema de auditoría para dosimetría absoluta con alanina y TLD en centros de radioterapia chilenos
(2018) Faúndez Cifuentes, Daniel; Gago Arias, Araceli; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Atomic force microscopy study of elastic properties of vapor-phase-deposited lipid membranes
(2018) Catalán López, Rodrigo Esteban; Volkmann, Ulrich; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
In this work we present a study of phase transitions and their relation with the elastic properties of three phospholipid membranes, namely 1,2-dimyristoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC). Samples were generated individually by physical-vapor-deposition of the lipid molecules mentioned over acid-cleaned polished silicon chips. The thickness of the samples were measured with Very High Resolution Ellipsometry. Average thickness are 60˚Athickness on average. The molecular consistency of the lipids were characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The Young’s modulus of the lipid membranes was obtained applying the Hertz model to data acquired with Atomic Force Microscopy in Quantitative Imaging feedback mode. Finally, the individual dependence of these lipids respect to temperature changes was used to detect the main gel-to fluid phase transition.The results in the present work show an expected softening of the lipid membranes just after the main phase transition, although the values of the elastic modulus found do not match the ones reported in the literature. However, the general trends correlate well with the ones found in other works. Nevertheless,systematic investigations using similar conditions as ours are still scarce.The acquisition of information related to the elastic properties and stability of the membranes is relevant for future works on protein insertion, and to understand the lipid membranes dependance on several other environmental conditions like changes in temperature, pH-dependence or ionic strength concentration.
Cosmic ray tests for the QS1 module of the new small wheel in the ATLAS experiment -and- prospects on the search for heavy vector triplet bosons in the leptonic decay channels with the ATLAS experiment at the HL-LHC
(2018) Rivera Vergara, Juan Cristóbal; Ochoa-Ricoux, Juan Pedro; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
The ATLAS detector at the LHC, CERN, will be upgraded after the current data taking period (Run 2). The ATLAS detector has to under go a series of upgrades in order to fulfill the needed performance at improved LHC conditions. The LHC will stop for the second time between 2019-2020, period of time during which the ATLAS detector is going to upgrade its muon subdetector. This upgrade is the New Small Wheel (NSW), which will replace part of it send cap muon spectrometer. The NSW will be comprised of two detection systems, the Micro Megas and the small-strip Thin Gap Chambers (sTGC), the latest is being constructed in Chile by a joint collaboration between PUC and UTFSM. After the construction, the chambers are tested before being shipped to CERN. The muon detection efficiency is calculated using cosmic muons. A trigger system is used as part of the setup, which checks for coincidences between plastic scintillator arrays placed on top and below the detectors in order to distinguish muons from background signals. A DAQ system is used to callibrate the electronics and measure muon hits. The whole system has been set up and has already been used to test one module that was successfully sent to CERN and integrated into the first wedge. Prospects were made for searches for new heavy SSM Z and W bosons at the last stage of the LHC (2024-2032), called High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), which is expected to run at √s = 14 TeV and collect 3000 fb−1 of data. These studies are based on MC simulations, and are used as benchmark for other models. The response of the upgraded ATLAS detector as well as pile-up collisions were simulated. SSM Z bosons are searched for in the dilepton final states, where it is expected to observe a signal with a more than five significance value at an invariant mass of 6.4 TeV, and exclude masses up to 6.5 TeV. SSMW0 bosons are searched for in the lepton plus neutrino final state, where itis expected to observe a signal with a more than five significance value at an invariant mass of 7.7 TeV, and exclude masses up to 7.9 TeV.
A dynamic nonlinear coupled differential equations model of tumor growth and response to radiotherapy
(2018) Ortiz Guzmán, Valentina; Gago Arias, Araceli; Espinoza Bornscheuer, Ignacio Guillermo; Karger, Christian; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Quantum sensing using NV centers in diamond
(2018) González Brouwer, Raúl, Manuel; Maze Ríos, Jerónimo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
This thesis is focused on understanding the interaction of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with its environment as well as its applications in nanotechnology and biophysics. First, we study the hyperfine interaction due to nearby 13C carbon and 15N nitrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC), we propose an experimental method at room temperature free of microwave, in which it is possible to find the sign of the Fermi contact term, using the coupling between nuclear spins 1/2 and electronic spin 1. For this, a three-dimensional coil system was constructed to study the fluorescence close to the LAC. Second we describe an experiment in order to use the NV center as a sensor for chemical reactions, in specific to measure the pH and relate it’s macroscopic measurement with experiments like Ramsey interferometry and change in the spectrum, in order to observe changes on the charge state and T∗2 . Finally, we show a way to functionalize a nanodiamond hosting a NV defect, and use it as a biomarker for amyloid β, an Alzheimer desease related compound. We show that using this functionalized nanodiamonds might enable the development of longer experiments in biophysics due to the photostability of the NV defect compared to regular biomarkers that are widely used in biology. This works paves the way for performing unltrasensitive and reliable detection of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer desease.This thesis is focused on understanding the interaction of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with its environment as well as its applications in nanotechnology and biophysics. First, we study the hyperfine interaction due to nearby 13C carbon and 15N nitrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC), we propose an experimental method at room temperature free of microwave, in which it is possible to find the sign of the Fermi contact term, using the coupling between nuclear spins 1/2 and electronic spin 1. For this, a three-dimensional coil system was constructed to study the fluorescence close to the LAC. Second we describe an experiment in order to use the NV center as a sensor for chemical reactions, in specific to measure the pH and relate it’s macroscopic measurement with experiments like Ramsey interferometry and change in the spectrum, in order to observe changes on the charge state and T∗2 . Finally, we show a way to functionalize a nanodiamond hosting a NV defect, and use it as a biomarker for amyloid β, an Alzheimer desease related compound. We show that using this functionalized nanodiamonds might enable the development of longer experiments in biophysics due to the photostability of the NV defect compared to regular biomarkers that are widely used in biology. This works paves the way for performing unltrasensitive and reliable detection of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer desease.
Simulation of oxygen and hypoxia PET-tracer distributions in 3D vascular architectures of tumours
(2018) Isabela Paredes Cisneros; Karger, Christian; Gago Arias, Araceli; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
The outcome of radiotherapy is strongly influenced by hypoxia (low level of oxygenin the tumour), which leads to increased radioresistance and poor outcome. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) can be used to identify hypoxic regions within tumours. Hypoxia-specific tracers have been developed for this purpose. Deriving the tumour oxygen distribution from a hypoxia PET-tracer distribution is still not straightforward and computer simulations may help to better understand the limitations of this technique. In this thesis, hypoxia PET-tracer distributions were simulated in three dimensions by using mathematical models to calculate the spatiotemporal distributions of both oxygen and tracer in the tumour. The impact of necrosis in the tracer uptake was also considered. The partial differential equations in the model were solved, using the Finite Element Method for different vascular architectures. The correct functioning of the solving method was checked for simple architectures by changing parameter values and analysing the obtained distributions. Time-Activity Curves were calculated from the simulated concentrations and the impact of the vascular fraction was determined, for vascular architectures of different complexity. This study improves the understanding of the signal in hypoxia-PET studies. Future work should take into account even more complex vascular architectures, as well as acute hypoxia.
Estudio de materiales de blindaje de radiación ionizante para medicina nuclear
(2018) Novoa Burgos, Harold; Dörner Yaksic, Edgardo Andrés; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Los rangos energéticos utilizados en medicina nuclear quedan fuera de las recomendaciones internacionales sobre la elección de materiales para blindar las instalaciones que operan con radiación ionizante. Se propone estudiar materiales comúnmente utilizados en construcción hospitalaria como blindajes para los isótopos 18F y 131I con el fin de ampliar las opciones que en la actualidad se utilizan, plomo y concreto común, para blindar las instalaciones de medicina nuclear. Utilizando simulaciones Monte Carlo con el programa EG Snrc se caracterizaron los materiales por su capacidad de blindar la radiación ionizante reflejado en el factor de atenuación para diferentes espesores de una selección de materiales e independientemente en un proceso experimental con alguno de ellos. Se graficaron los factores de atenuación de cada espesor utilizado para obtener un ajuste exponencial de ellos y con la ecuación de la curva ajustada conocer su coeficiente de atenuación lineal. Se encontró que el concreto dopado con bario tiene un bajo factor de transmisión (k),equivalente a ser un buen atenuador. Respecto a los materiales de construcción, los tabiques de yeso cartón no ofrecen un buen factor k, pero sobre ésta estructura pueden ser fijadas otras que son mejores, como acero inoxidable, acrílico e incluso placas safeboard que son comercializadas para blindar radiación ionizante con energías de hasta 140 kVp. Destaca que el yeso de Paris (POP) tiene un factor k comparable con el concreto NBS04, pero el POP es utilizado en odontología a diferencia del yeso de baja densidad que es de construcción.
Simulación Monte Carlo de dosis periférica en tratamientos de radiocirugía con gamma knife leksell 4C
(2018) Cardona Maya, Ana María; Dörner Yaksic, Edgardo Andrés; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
La hipótesis de este trabajo plantea que es posible, mediante un modelo Monte Carlo (MC), simular la dosis periférica en pacientes sometidos a tratamientos de radiocirugía estereotáctica con Gamma Knife. Para ello se desarrolló un modelo Monte Carlo de la unidad Gamma Knife Leksell 4C con el uso de librerías de clases EGSnrc C++ egspp junto con un fantoma antropomórfico. Aunque el modelo desarrollado permitirá simular cualquier otro tratamiento en la unidad para obtener dosis dentro y fuera del volumen a tratar, este trabajo se centró en su uso para la estimación de dosis periférica. Se modeló así mismo el transporte de radiación al interior del fantoma antropomórfico durante un tratamiento con todas las fuentes abiertas, para obtener el espectro y dosis absorbida en diferentes puntos del fantoma antropomórfico. La validación del modelo fue llevada a cabo comparando ciertos parámetros dosimétricos de perfiles de dosis en el isocentro de la máquina sobre un fantoma esférico, con otros valores experimentales y modelos ya publicados. Se verificó, así mismo, que el espectro en elisocentro corresponde al de exposición a Co-60. Finalmente, la distribución de dosis relativa al isocentro del modelo MC en los puntos del fantoma antropomórfico fue comparada con las medidas realizadas con dosímetros termoluminiscentes durante la irradiación del fantoma antropomórfico bajo la configuración simulada. Las dosis medidas y simuladas muestran acuerdo, excepto en dos puntos cercanos al volumen blanco. Las discrepancias encontradas podrían ser explicadas por la dependencia de la dosis calculada con MC al posicionamiento angular de las fuentes, por las diferencias entre la posición del TLD y volumen de scoring modelado, la homogeneidad del maniquí simulado frente al irradiado y a la complejidad que tiene la obtención de la dosis por dosimetría termoluminiscente. Por último, se estimó el riesgo de cáncer secundario asociado al uso de esta técnica en diferentes órganos/tejidos.
Quantum sensing using NV centers in diamond
(2018) González Brouwer, Raúl, Manuel; Maze Ríos, Jerónimo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
This thesis is focused on understanding the interaction of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with its environment as well as its applications in nanotechnology and biophysics. First, we study the hyperfine interaction due to nearby 13C carbon and 15N nitrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC), we propose an experimental method at room temperature free of microwave, in which it is possible to find the sign of the Fermi contact term, using the coupling between nuclear spins 1/2 and electronic spin 1. For this, a three-dimensional coil system was constructed to study the fluorescence close to the LAC. Second we describe an experiment in order to use the NV center as a sensor for chemical reactions, in specific to measure the pH and relate it’s macroscopic measurement with experiments like Ramsey interferometry and change in the spectrum, in order to observe changes on the charge state and T2 . Finally, we show a way to functionalize a nanodiamond hosting a NV defect, and use it as a biomarker for amyloid β, an Alzheimer desease related compound. We show that using this functionalized nanodiamonds might enable the development of longer experiments in biophysics due to the photostability of the NV defect compared to regular biomarkers that are widely used in biology. This works paves the way for performing unltrasensitive and reliable detection of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer desease.
Wilson loops beyond the planar limit in the ADS/CFT correspondence.
(2019) Canazas Garay, Anthonny Freddy; Koch, Benjamin; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, the vacuum expectation values of 1/2-BPS circular Wilson loops in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory are considered. Localization and matrix model techniques provide exact, but rather formal, expressions for these expectation values. In this thesis, the leading and sub-leading behavior in a 1/N expansion with fixed ’t Hooft coupling, and then in the holographic regime, are extracted starting from these exact results. This is done by exploiting the relation between the generating function of antisymmetric Wilson loops and a finite-dimensional quantum system known as the truncated harmonic oscillator. The generating functions for the Wilson loops in the symmetric and antisymmetric representations of the gauge group U(N) are expressed in terms of the connected correlators of multiply-wound Wilson loops, which have a 1/N2 genus expansion, using ingredients from the representation theory of the symmetric group. Interesting conclusions on the gravity side of the correspondence are provided.

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