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Browsing Capítulos de libros by browse.metadata.categoriaods "06 Agua limpia y saneamiento"
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- ItemContingent Agreements to Reduce the Impacts of Droughts on Human Water Consumption(Springer, 2025) Vicuna Diaz, Sebastián; Ávila, Antonia; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Melo Contreras, Oscar Alfredo; Rivera Bravo, Daniela Pilar; Molinos, MaríaOne of the expected impacts of climate change is the alteration of precipitation and temperatures, modifying hydrological regimes and water availability. Faced with these changes, it is essential to adopt measures to guarantee the quantity, quality and continuity of drinking water supply to the population. This chapter proposes an instrument that consists of the design and implementation of pre-agreement contracts for the temporary transfer of water volumes from agriculture to water utilities. The application of the instrument is presented using the Aconcagua River basin and the Valparaíso-Viña del Mar conurbation in Chile as a case study. Through simulation models, the transfers, and economic compensations of a potential application of the instrument are characterized and evaluated considering different future climate scenarios, drought triggers for activation of pre-agreements, compensation scenarios based on human basic water consumption thresholds, and opportunity cost of water used in the agricultural sector.
- ItemDesalinization in Times of Drought(2025) Molinos Senante, María; Rivera Bravo, Daniela Pilar; Donoso H., Guillermo; Melo Contreras, ÓscarSeveral factors are contributing to the increased adoption of desalination. Population growth has significantly impacted areas experiencing water stress, while drought conditions, partly influenced by climate change, are simultaneously affecting many regions that previously considered their traditional water supplies to be sufficient. Meanwhile, the cost of desalinated water has been decreasing as technology evolves and the cost of other sources increases. In Chile, there are currently 22 desalination plants in operation, 6 under construction, 3 with environmental approval, and 12 under preliminary evaluation. The current capacity of the operating plants in Chile is 8200 L/s. However, despite this boom in desalination, its orderly and sustainable economic and environmental development presents significant challenges. In this context, the main regulatory, legal, environmental, social and economic challenges for the sustainable development of desalination in Chile are reviewed, outlining some ideas to advance in them.
- ItemEnhancement of Peroxidase Stability Against Oxidative Self-Inactivation by Co-immobilization with a Redox-Active Protein in Mesoporous Silicon and Silica Microparticles(2016) Sahare, P.; Osorio Román, Igor; Ayala, M.; Vazquez-Duhalt, R.; Pal, U.; Loni, A.; Canham, L. T.; Agarwal, V.Abstract The study of the stability enhancement of a peroxidase immobilized onto mesoporous silicon/silica microparticles is presented. Peroxidases tend to get inactivated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, their essential co-substrate, following an auto-inactivation mechanism. In order to minimize this inactivation, a second protein was co-immobilized to act as an electron acceptor and thus increase the stability against self-oxidation of peroxidase. Two heme proteins were immobilized into the microparticles: a fungal commercial peroxidase and cytochrome c from equine heart. Two types of biocatalysts were prepared: one with only covalently immobilized peroxidase (one-protein system) and another based on covalent co-immobilization of peroxidase and cytochrome c (two-protein system), both immobilized by using carbodiimide chemistry. The amount of immobilized protein was estimated spectrophotometrically, and the characterization of the biocatalyst support matrix was performed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. Stability studies show that co-immobilization with the two-protein system enhances the oxidative stability of peroxidase almost four times with respect to the one-protein system. Thermal stability analysis shows that the immobilization of peroxidase in derivatized porous silicon microparticles does not protect the protein from thermal denaturation, whereas biogenic silica microparticles confer significant thermal stabilization.Abstract The study of the stability enhancement of a peroxidase immobilized onto mesoporous silicon/silica microparticles is presented. Peroxidases tend to get inactivated in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, their essential co-substrate, following an auto-inactivation mechanism. In order to minimize this inactivation, a second protein was co-immobilized to act as an electron acceptor and thus increase the stability against self-oxidation of peroxidase. Two heme proteins were immobilized into the microparticles: a fungal commercial peroxidase and cytochrome c from equine heart. Two types of biocatalysts were prepared: one with only covalently immobilized peroxidase (one-protein system) and another based on covalent co-immobilization of peroxidase and cytochrome c (two-protein system), both immobilized by using carbodiimide chemistry. The amount of immobilized protein was estimated spectrophotometrically, and the characterization of the biocatalyst support matrix was performed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses. Stability studies show that co-immobilization with the two-protein system enhances the oxidative stability of peroxidase almost four times with respect to the one-protein system. Thermal stability analysis shows that the immobilization of peroxidase in derivatized porous silicon microparticles does not protect the protein from thermal denaturation, whereas biogenic silica microparticles confer significant thermal stabilization.
- ItemEvaluation of Multipurpose Reservoir Operating Policies at Basin and Electric Power System Scale(Springer, Cham, 2025) Durán Flores, Antonia Ignacia Paz; Favereau Monti, Marcel Joseph; Lorca Gálvez, Álvaro Hugo; Vicuña Díaz, Sebastián; Melo Contreras, Óscar; Negrete Pincetic, Matías AlejandroThe impacts of climate change such as hydrological droughts have motivated significant changes in reservoir management strategies. The operation of multipurpose reservoirs is vital for efficiently utilizing stored water resources, serving various needs such as electricity generation and agricultural irrigation. Despite substantial efforts to support decision-making within each economic sector, there is a notable lack of comprehensive integration across these sectors in concurrent analyses. To address this gap, we propose an integrated approach that combines a large-scale hydrothermal scheduling model with a basin-scale water resources model to comprehensively analyze the operations of both the power and agricultural systems. This approach enables the assessment of operational policies for multipurpose reservoirs and their performance at both local and regional scales under diverse hydrological scenarios. An essential modification analyzed here is the prioritization of water allocation to agricultural users. We rigorously evaluate the impacts of this modification across various hydrological conditions, using a prominent Chilean basin as a case study. Applying this methodology to Laja Lake, the largest Chilean multipurpose reservoir with significant hydroelectric capacity and extensive agricultural areas, we analyze the situation in 2025 and find that hydrological variations directly affect both the electrical and agricultural aspects of performance. During drought conditions, there is a noticeable increase in thermal generation, costs, emission intensity, and water deficits. Furthermore, the adjusted policy reveals intricate trade-offs between emissions from the power sector and agricultural water deficits. In drier scenarios, improving agricultural reliability incurs minimal additional operational costs and reduces power sector emissions, supporting the adoption of a policy aligned with net-zero objectives.
- ItemNature-Based Solutions as Critical Urban Infrastructure for Water Resilience(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023) McPhillips, Lauren; Wu, Hong; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Rosenzweig, Bernice; Sauer, Jason R.; Winfrey, BrandonNature-based solutions (NBS) are key for managing water resources, as well as providing many other benefits. While traditionally “gray” highly engineered strategies have been used to manage water in urban areas, we articulate the role that NBS can play in managing water related to flooding, drought, and water quality challenges. Specifically, NBS for water can range from hybrid ecological-technological features explicitly engineered to manage stormwater to other designed or intact natural features such as wetlands or parks that may provide water management as a co-benefit. Criteria are reviewed for choosing the best NBS for the intended goal(s), and we showcase several case examples of NBS for water resilience from around the world. Remaining knowledge gaps for NBS for water implementation include space challenges, changes in performance over time, and incorporation of NBS that are not explicitly engineered for water management into existing management and regulatory frameworks.
- ItemRegulation and Protection of Urban Wetlands: A Comparative Analysis in Chile, Colombia, and Peru(Springer, 2024) Moschella, Paola; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Velásquez, Carlos Javier; Capera, IngridLatin American countries have a set of legal instruments and public policies that contribute to the protection of urban wetlands against the pressure of city expansion that threatens their extent and quality. With the aim of discussing the role of public policies and regulations in the protection of urban wetlands, the situation in Chile, Colombia, and Peru is analyzed in a comparative manner. These countries are examples of diverse regulations and wetland biodiversity in urban environments. Legal instruments for environmental protection and conservation, spatial planning, and urban planning relevant to the management of urban wetlands are analyzed. In addition, advances in regulation and protection of urban wetlands are evaluated and contrasted based on national-level indicators. The lack of effective protection measures is demonstrated. The three countries have adhered to the Ramsar Convention to protect their wetlands and have established Ramsar sites; however, their existence does not stop the pressures and threats to the wetlands. It is identified that Peru has a larger surface area of Ramsar sites and that Colombia has the most extensive Ramsar urban wetland. It is highlighted that Chile has a recent urban wetlands law, while in Colombia and Peru the category of urban wetland does not exist in legislation. Meanwhile, in the protected natural areas, urban wetlands practically have no presence. Among the main weaknesses are the disarticulation between sectors and planning scales; in addition to outdated planning instruments regarding current challenges such as climate change, the water crisis, and the loss of biodiversity.
- ItemSentinel Hydrological Processes: Informing Drought Management Strategies in Chile(Springer, 2025) Gaxiola Alcantar, Aurora; Río López, Camilo del; Miranda, Marcelo; Suárez Poch, Francisco IgnacioThis chapter explores the role of hydrological processes as sentinel indicators of climate change, emphasizing the time of appearance of anomalies in fog, groundwater, and vegetation dynamics in Mediterranean and semi-arid regions of Chile. By analyzing case studies on the spatial-temporal variability of fog, groundwater storage, and primary productivity, we explore how these variables signal changes in the hydrological cycle under increasing climatic stress. Groundwater availability and fog frequency offer crucial insights into water resource dynamics, while changes in phenology reveal vegetation responses to prolonged drought and heat waves. The findings of these original studies contribute to improving drought management strategies and highlight the importance of early detection of hydrological anomalies and ecosystem resilience in regions highly vulnerable to climate variability.
- ItemTowards a Drought Monitoring, Tracking, and Management Platform Based on Quantitative Indices(2025) Gironás, Jorge; Núñez, Marialina; Vicuña, Sebastián; Aedo, Sebastián; Morales, David; Vargas, Javier; Guzmán, Juan de Dios; Suárez, FranciscoDrought is a complex phenomenon that affects the development and use of the country’s water resources. Characterization through indices is critical in planning, management, and decision-making to mitigate the effects of drought, mainly when these are implemented in online platforms for monitoring, warning, and tracking the phenomenon. These tools serve as a basis for implementing a set of measures focused on the short, medium, and long term, oriented to different audiences, and with differentiation of procedures and entities involved depending on the case. This work proposes the technical basis for elaborating preventive drought monitoring in Chile through a visualization platform. Based on a comparative analysis of international tools and the results of a consultation with experts, the relevant characteristics of a system for drought monitoring, follow-up, and management based on standardized drought indexes are analyzed. It is concluded that such a platform should consider multiple drought indices with different levels of severity for their classification. These indices should be automatically calculated using as much information as possible, both from national and international sources, from in-situ gauges as well as from satellite and remote sensing products, and even obtained from modeling. On the other hand, the visualization should be simple, straightforward, and flexible, and the information delivered should provide information on the manifestation of drought in the territory and its short-term forecast.
- ItemUrban Wetland Losses and Land-Use Conservation Challenges in Three Latin American Cities(Springer, 2024) Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Munizaga, Juan; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Martínez, CarolinaWetlands are valuable and threatened ecosystems throughout the world. They are essential for the maintenance of life and ecological balance, in addition to providing a larger number of benefits to human societies. Wetlands reduce the risk of flooding by regulating the flow of water, being essential to reduce the impacts of climate change, especially along the coasts and coastal cities of the world. Urban growth poses a risk to wetlands in and around urban areas. In this work, we quantify the loss trends of wetlands in urban areas in three Latin American countries between the years 2002 and 2019. We selected as case studies the wetlands of Aconcagua in Chile, Ciénaga de Mallorquín in Colombia, and Pantanos de Villa in Peru. Through multitemporal analysis of Quickbird satellite imagery collections, we classify land covers at 2.5-m resolution and identify areas covered by wetland. We quantify the losses and gains of the wetland areas and the areas surrounding them. We found that the three wetlands analyzed lost area, confirming the worldwide trend of loss. The Ciénaga de Mallorquín wetland was the one that decreased the most due to coastal dynamics and urbanization. The Pantanos de Villa wetland reduced its area due to the increase in urban areas that grew filling the wetland under the pressure of informal settlements and beach condominiums. Lastly, the Aconcagua wetland was reduced due to the increase in grasslands together with the increase in bare soil, also affecting the beaches and dunes. In all three case studies, urban wetlands decreased due to urban growth. For this reason, we call attention to the urgency of improving urban planning to ensure the maintenance of these key ecosystems to ensure more sustainable and resilient cities, as proposed by Sustainable Development Goal 11.