Capítulos de libros

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A Latin Spring? Examining digital diffusion and youth bulges in forecasting political change in Latin America
(Routledge, 2014) Bachmann C., Ingrid; Groshek, Jacob; Brewer, Anita; Welp, Yanina
The story is quite different in the countries that experienced the Arab Spring, where autocratic governments were still the rule in the twenty-first century. Arguably, shifts in democratic countries would be more likely to be measured rather than major revolutions like the ones that ended up ousting Hosni Mubarak in Egypt and Ben Ali in Tunisia. Conventional wisdom suggests that mass media and media diffusion are important for public deliberation, and play an important role fostering and maintaining democracy and stable societies. Research from political science and mass communication stresses the democratizing role of media. Indeed, in the last decades both neoliberal economics and populist politics have coexisted in several Latin American countries, for both left- and right-leaning governments. On the whole, the region has gone through overall economic stabilization, although political conflicts related to poorly distributed income, high unemployment, and lack of opportunities for young and indigenous people persist in most of the countries.
Agrobiodiversity in mountain territories: family farming and the challenges of social-environmental changes
(Springer, 2023) Ibarra Eliessetch, Jose Tomas; Marchant, Carla; Olivares, Fernanda; Caviedes, Julián; Santana Sagredo, Francisca; Monterrubio-Solís, Constanza; Sarmiento, Fausto O.; Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile
Family farming plays a fundamental role in food production. However, it faces rapid processes of social-environmental change, such as the application of hegemonic agrarian modernization policies and restrictions on the circulation of traditional seeds. Institutional changes are also altering practices and social relations, while climate change is the main factor in biodiversity loss and increased human vulnerability and the threat to livelihoods. The negative effects of these processes are particularly alarming in mountain territories. These systems are considered “biocultural refuges” since they often contain high levels of agrobiodiversity, complex systems of knowledge, and unique agricultural practices with identity value for local communities and indigenous peoples. This chapter examines the role of mountain family farming as a biocultural refuge and discusses the challenges it faces in a context of social-environmental crises, describing cases of mountain agricultural systems in nine of the world’s main mountain territories and showing that they are fragile spaces and highly vulnerable to certain processes of social-environmental change. For this reason, we urge the identification and promotion of strategies to foster the adaptation and resilience of mountain family farming as a way of contributing to the food security and sovereignty of the communities that inhabit these territories.
Air Quality in Latin American Buildings
(2023) Molina Carvallo, Constanza Del Pilar; Benjamin Jones; Giobertti Morantes
Asentamientos populares en América Latina: trayectorias de investigación y conceptualizaciones contemporáneas para un objeto de estudio complejo
(RIL Editores, 2023) Ruiz-Tagle Venero, Javier Ignacio; Valenzuela Ormeño, Felipe Eduardo; Núñez, Ana; Matus, Christian; Mosso, Emilia; Zenteno, Elizabeth; Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES); Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Este libro recopila las presentaciones de un simposio realizado durante el VI Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Antropología. Los artículos analizan las dinámicas de disputa en las ciudades y territorios por parte de sectores populares frente a la mercantilización urbana. Se destacan las tácticas y estrategias utilizadas por estas comunidades para producir su entorno. Este enfoque busca influir no solo en la academia, sino también en la toma de decisiones que afectan el hábitat, promoviendo políticas públicas y planificación urbana que reconozcan y fortalezcan las formas de producción social del espacio-tiempo utilizadas por las comunidades.
Clinical social work in Chile
(2022) Muñoz-Guzmán, Carolina; Grau, María Olaya; González, Karla; Garrido López, Valentina
Social work in Latin America has been framed by an ethical-political dimension committed to democracy and change in social structures to ensure social justice. This has put under dispute the possibilities of clinical social work, which has been defined as a reduced understanding of social problems in Latin America. The increasing complexity of people’s lives, related not only to poverty but to the convergence of many difficulties across life’s course, provides a disciplinary opportunity for social workers to innovate in ways to deliver effective tools and skills in coping with violence, addiction, mental health problems, discrimination, and exclusion. Thus, supplementing traditional social work practice in the region, with clinical social work as a specialised area of intervention, seems urgent. This chapter examines the contributions that clinical social work can make to reach social justice in Latin America, specifically in Chile. The discussion focuses on the need for a specialised professional training in clinical social work, one that acknowledges critical social work perspectives in order to avoid reductionism when understanding social problems.
Confinement in pandemic times: Two Tales of Prisons, Epidemics, and Power from the Global South
(Taylor and Francis, 2024) Aedo Gajardo, Juan Angel; Droppelmann, Catalina; Le Marcis, Frederic; Montanari, Daniela
© 2025 selection and editorial matter, Nathan W. Link, Meghan A. Novisky, & Chantal Fahmy; individual chapters, the contributors.The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities within prison systems worldwide. This chapter explores these vulnerabilities through a comparative examination of Chile and Guinea, two geographically distant and culturally distinct nations in the Global South. It argues that despite their differences, both countries reveal a similar articulation between prisons, epidemics, and power. The case studies reveal that both Chile and Guinea responded to COVID-19 by prioritizing biopolitical control over prisoners’ well-being. This is evidenced by the implementation of strict measures, including limitations on parcels, visits, and access to healthcare outside prison walls. These measures, while effective in minimizing fatalities, came at the expense of prisoners’ quality of life and mental health. In Chile, efforts focused on preserving biological life within the confines of prison walls, facilitating collaboration between authorities and inmates to enforce restrictions. In contrast, Guinea’s response was characterized by inconsistencies and opportunism, reflecting broader political tensions and a lack of commitment to prisoner welfare. The chapter examines the fear of death among prison populations. While both Chilean and Guinean prisoners acknowledged vulnerability, their experiences diverged. Chilean prisoners expressed a fear of dying abandoned, while Guinean prisoners viewed COVID-19 as less of a threat compared to past health crises. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the need for a systematic analysis of the pandemic’s impact on prisons. While COVID-19 failed to trigger major reforms, valuable lessons can be learned regarding biopolitical management, legitimacy building, and mitigating future health emergencies within prison settings.
Demand-Responsive Transit, Evaluation Studies
(2021) Raveau Feliú, Sebastián
Demand-responsive transit (DRT) is a flexible form of public transport that adjusts the service based on travelers’ needs. DRT usually operates as feeder services to traditional transit systems, providing connectivity to low density and rural areas. DRT systems also serve a social role by providing mobility alternatives to elders, people with reduced mobility, students, and other disadvantaged segments of the population. Different implementations of DRT worldwide are described to evaluate and assess the main characteristic of these systems.
Diseño resiliente multidimensional: articulación de la reducción del riesgo de desastres y la adaptación al cambio
(RIL Editores, 2021) D'alencon Castrillon, Renato; Moris Iturrieta, Roberto Carlos; Leone, Mattia Federico; Visconti, Cristina; Zuccaro, Giulio; Consejo Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano; Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales; UC; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
La recurrencia de los desastres naturales en las últimas décadas en Chile y en todo el mundo, exacerbados por los patrones urbanos actuales, requieren estrategias integrales para promover acciones a largo plazo hacia la resiliencia a nivel local y nacional. Chile tiene una experiencia ampliamente reconocida en la reducción del riesgo de desastres, particularmente terremotos, que se refleja en un código de construcción efectivo, una organización institucional y una conciencia pública relacionada con las catástrofes y la recuperación. Sin embargo, en los últimos años Chile enfrenta una mayor recurrencia de eventos catastróficos y múltiples amenazas relacionadas directa o indirectamente con el fenómeno del cambio climático, que desafían al país a expandir su experiencia para enfrentar estos desafíos de múltiples maneras. En este trabajo, exploramos las restricciones y los beneficios de integrar las capacidades existentes en la Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres (RRD) con el conocimiento y las herramientas de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (ACC), para el caso de Chile.
Disentanglements
(2019) Matus Cánovas, Claudia
This chapter argues that the production of ethnographies can be a critical source for informing policy design on issues of diversity and inclusion. Ethnography from a post-representational perspective and the implications for the ways we conceptualize and represent issues of difference in school contexts and policy-making are explored. In making sense of the possibilities ethnographic research practices afford for informing policy design, the chapter engages in the exploration of new ways of thinking and researching inequalities, and the possibilities of change and transformation they might bring. I contend that the regulation of subjectivities through specific meanings of normalcy and difference leaves no opening for active politics. This chapter intends to advance on more creative ways to achieve social transformation.
Enabling mobilities: Reinterpreting concepts and tools
(2019) Pucci, P.; Vecchio, Giovanni
Front-Line Social Workers’ Practices Under the Political and Sanitary Crisis in Chile
(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Reininger, Taly; Muñoz Arce, Gianinna; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Wyman San Martin, Ignacio Andres
In October 2019, mass civil protests erupted in Chile questioning the country’s vast and historically rooted inequalities and injustices. These protests, which sought structural changes to Chile’s neoliberal ethos, were abruptly brought to a halt by the arrival of COVID-19 in March 2020. The political, social, and economic impacts of the pandemic have only intensified the country’s historic inequalities and injustices, hitting hardest in areas with higher levels of vulnerability. Increased unemployment, food insecurity, violence, and mental health crises are only a few of the many issues social workers face in the current context. Furthermore, social distancing measures and forced quarantines have caused social programs to rapidly alter strategies to meet the needs of service users, requiring front-line professionals to adapt quickly. To examine and analyse these rapid changes in the delivery of social programs as well as their impact on front-line professionals, a mixed-methods study was undertaken that included the application of an online survey and follow-up interviews with front-line social workers. We found that social workers reported greater workloads and employment precarity within the current context, that programs were changed to meet the immediate tangible needs of individuals and families, and that changes were primarily designed in a nonparticipatory and centralised manner. This chapter analyses the study’s results and discusses the challenges social work faces in the current and future context.
Frontline implementation conditions of the Families programme: Labour precarity and territorial gaps as aspects of weak state institutions in Chile
(Policy Press, 2024) Reininger, Taly; Muñoz Arce, Gianinna; Villalobos, Cristóbal; Duboy Luengo, Mitzi
This chapter analyses the implementation conditions of one of Chile’s central social protection system programmes: the Families programme. Successor to the Puente Programme (2002–2011) and the Ethical Family Income (2011–2016), the Families programme consists of preferential access to state social programmes, conditional and unconditional cash transfers, and a psychosocial support component for families living in situations of extreme poverty. This programme is Chile’s most significant state action in the ‘fight against poverty’. However, despite almost 20 years of experience, the highly precarious working conditions of the professionals who implement the programme and the territorial differences in implementation conditions are critical and persistent issues discussed in this chapter. Based on the findings from 17 individual and six group interviews with frontline professionals who implement the Families programme in six municipalities and the descriptive results of a nationally representative survey of frontline professionals implementing the programme, we discuss how weak institutions – specifically administrative/organisational and professional factors – contribute to undesired policy outcomes. We conclude the chapter by reflecting on the challenges of implementing social policies in weak institutional contexts and suggest recommendations for policymakers. Keywords
Inserción social y disputa cultural en la educación universitaria
(Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, 2013) Daher Hechem, Antonio; Alarcón, Marco Antonio
Esta ponencia plantea la tesis de la vocación de prójimo de las universidades católicas, y por ende su necesaria extroversión, proactiva inserción social, apertura e inclusión, y su indelegable aporte a la cultura de la solidaridad y al compromiso ciudadano. En rigor, se sostiene que, más que una mera responsabilidad social, la universidad católica tiene una verdadera "misión social y cultural". En medios secularizados, pero también de desencarnación cristiana, la tarea de las universidades católicas es a la vez de compromiso social y disputa y contradicción cultural. Frente a la fragmentación social y a la vulnerabilidad, a la indiferencia, al individualismo y a la inequidad, a las cicatrices de desamor, a la desconfianza e increencia, a la desesperanza y angustia social, la vocación de servicio y de alteridad de las universidades católicas -y su propia identidad y misióndeben traducirse en la construcción de una cultura de corresponsabilidad y comunión, contribuyendo así a configurar una sociedad más justa, más cohesionada y más fraterna.
Institucionalizando la interculturalidad: nuevas formas de dependencia estatal y resistencia indígena.
(Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio-IIDyPCa, 2021) Maza, Francisca de la; Instituto de Investigaciones en Diversidad Cultural y Procesos de Cambio-IIDyPCa
El artículo aborda la apropiación e institucionalización del concepto de interculturalidad en la política pública en Chile. La interculturalidad se ha instalado en diversos niveles de la acción pública orientada a la población indígena. Su institucionalización se analiza en tres etapas, iniciándose el año 1990, analizando los procesos dependencia estatal y resistencia indígena. En el último periodo se aborda también las tensiones generadas con otras diversidades y con la crisis del sistema político y económico evidenciada en el “Estallido Social” y profundizada por la pandemia COVID-19
Introduction: Schools are being produced right now
(2019) Matus Cánovas, Claudia
This chapter introduces the major theoretical frames that delineate the object of study for researching the production of normalcy in school contexts. The major intellectual exercise in this work is to trouble the discursive, material, and affective paths that define how and why we should study the intertwined relation between policy, research practice, and inequality. In this introduction, major theoretical concepts and articulations will be laid out. It will also provide a critical contextualization of where this research is developed, with a specific focus on how neoliberal economic cultures and liberal ways of understanding policy reproduce inequality. The introduction also offers a description of the coming chapters, their foci, and articulations.
Mutations in the Latin American metropolis: Santiago de Chile under a neoliberal dynamic
(Routledge, 2016) Mattos, Carlos A. de; Fuentes Arce, Luis; Link, Felipe
This chapter analyzes the main transformations that characterize the direction and reach of the urban metamorphosis that has affected the urban space and reconfigured the capital city of Chile for more than 30 years. The phenomenon really came into its own in major Latin American countries, including Chile. Chile was among the first countries to begin a radical process of structural adjustment, starting in the middle of the 1970s and following an orthodox version of neoliberal doctrine. The Metropolitan Urban System of Santiago (MUSS) case study allows drawing certain conclusions regarding the main trends that have influenced the growth of contemporary Latin American metropolises, with obvious differences and variations. The transformation of the city shows its evolution from an area configured during the industrial-developmental phase to a new geography of urbanization, as described and characterized by Brenner. The evolution of the population and housing construction described above allows researchers to infer a similar and corresponding transformation in social structure.
Raíces de la desigualdad: Impacto de la conformación del precio inmobiliario en la segregación urbana
(Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 2019) Aguirre, Carlos; Encinas Pino, Felipe Alfonso; Truffello Robledo, Ricardo Enrique
La segregación socio residencial es uno de los grandes problemas de las ciudades chilenas. Muchos diagnósticos han avanzado en la generación de una agenda de investigación a este respecto, pero la mecánica económica que está subyacente al fenómeno ha sido un material más esquivo y poco constante en la agenda. Este trabajo busca iniciar un debate sobre la modelación económica del mercado inmobiliario y como los preceptos de la modelación – propia de un mercado en libre competencia y con las características del bien vivienda– solamente pueden generar una ciudad segregada. Las formulaciones permiten explicar el desarrollo de un mercado inmobiliario sin regulaciones, el cual en un contexto de desigualdad de ingresos solo permitiría la generación de una ciudad segregada socio espacialmente.
Social Mix
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2019) Ruiz-Tagle, Javier; Orum, Anthony
“Social mix” generally denotes the social diversity of a given geographic area, which could be economically, racially, ethnically, and/or culturally based. It is a long-standing planning ideal, has been achieved through different means, has been proposed for a wide variety of goals, and has been used interchangeably to refer to concepts like “integration,” “mixed-income communities,” “poverty deconcentration,” “balanced communities,” and so on. There has been abundant literature from the 1990s, to the extent that social mix is currently one of the most studied subjects in the field, with at least five special issues of prominent academic journals dedicated to the topic. Although the evidence on the effects of social mix is somewhat mixed, the problems of its conceptual foundations and the amount and variety of issues created when implemented have led the large majority of academia to oppose this idea.
Socialization into Politics: Parental Position-Taking and Value Formation in Children among Elite and Non-Elite Groups
(Routledge, 2023) Gayo, Modesto; Mendez Layera, Maria Luisa
In this chapter we trace individuals’ political subjectivities back to their social background and to the parenting they received as children. In seeking the roots of political socialisation, we raise the question of possible trajectories in the future. Political socialisation is not only about transmitting and sharing similar socio-political views; it also refers to a learning process of political embodiment through practices that are context-specific. In this chapter we also analyse data on intergenerational practices of political mobilisation and ideological positioning and participation. We combine these dimensions with the political orientations/subjectivities developed in previous chapters (Networked Pragmatism, Individualised, Communitarian Individualism). New historical circumstances, even those conceived as essential parts of globalised narratives concerning common trends, cannot be framed as simple causes of worldviews at stake today. As such, neoliberal subjectivities should be explained not only as a derivation of something that happens at the macro-level, but as a fragmented and diverse dynamic that has to do significantly with the emergence of socio-political views that grow in intimate connection with pre-existing ideologies and political practices that were part of a certain habitus or generally under-scrutinised perspective of social life rooted in the histories of families.
Socio-environmental Harms in Chile Under the Restorative Justice Lens: The Role of the State
(Springer International Publishing, 2022) Bolivar Fernández, Daniela; Guerra Aburto, Liliana; Martinez, Felipe
Environmental harm in Chile takes place in an economic, political, legal, and social context of extractivism. A multiscale process, extractivism involves the mobilisation of a significant amount and volume of natural resources, usually not processed, and the specialisation of areas or territories to produce one single type of product. As a policy, extractivism is encouraged by governments of different political colours from the Global South as a way to promote economic growth and social development. However, in Chile such policy has been disrespectful to nature, affecting seriously the balance of fragile ecosystems and the quality of life of populations who live already in poverty and social exclusion. In addition, environmental legislation in Chile is weak and contributes to abuses and environmental harm due to impunity. This chapter discusses the role of the state in the context of extractivist policies when considering responses to environmental harm from a restorative justice perspective. The authors suggest that the state should both recognise its own negligence and play a serious role in changing such a path in the future. However, the state as such cannot intervene as a third party in mediating between companies and communities but could promote the implementation of a collegial body, with representatives from different sectors of civil society, to identify and address environmental harm. Given the context, this chapter suggests and discusses the model of truth commissions.

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