Artículos de revistas

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https://repositorio.uc.cl/handle/11534/1156

Esta colección incluye artículos de revistas de profesores de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, publicados en revistas nacionales y extranjeras.

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Adaptation and validation of the Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) scale in Chilean adults
(Springer, 2024) Rodríguez González, Laura Cristina; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Ortiz, M.; Schleef, J.
The Perceived Economic Inequality in Everyday Life (PEIEL) scale was developed in Spain within the context of political and social psychology research. This study introduces an abbreviated version of the scale for potential application in health research among the Chilean population. This study examined the psychometric properties of the proposed adaptation and assessed its metric invariance across lower and higher income groups in a sample of Chilean adults aged 50 and older (n = 372 respondents; 64.1% women; mean age ± SD = 58.8 ± 5.2). Four experts reviewed the original scale items to create a shortened version, selecting those that effectively capture economic inequality in the Chilean context. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the proposed factorial structure and assess invariance. The results support the proposed factorial structure and establish scalar invariance, which indicates the instrument’s consistent measurement properties across income levels.
Conflictos, autopistas urbanas y discursos sobre la (in)justicia en Santiago de Chile
(2016) Stamm, Caroline Andre
La lucha contra la construcción de autopistas urbanas ha sido un caso emblemático de la movilización ciudadana postdictadura en la capital chilena, dando lugar a un debate sobre la justicia en la ciudad. Considerando que lo que distingue la desigualdad de la injusticia es que haya alguien para protestar o por lo menos constatar que esta desigualdad no es justa, nos enfocamos en estudiar los discursos y representaciones de la justicia. En este artículo analizamos, a partir del caso del proyecto de autopista Vespucio Oriente en Santiago de Chile, cómo se ha movilizado y ha ido evolucionando la noción de (in)justo en los discursos publicados en medios de prensa escritos.
Conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes requeridos para la supervisión institucional de prácticas de estudiantes de Trabajo Social
(2024) Calderón Orellana, Magdalena Pilar; Díaz Bórquez, Daniela; Martínez Rubio, María Paz
La práctica en la formación de Trabajo Social resulta clave en el proceso de aprendizaje de las estudiantes,14 en tanto es un espacio para desplegar los aprendizajes y desarrollar nuevos conocimientos. En este marco, las supervisoras que reciben estudiantes en sus lugares de trabajo desempeñan un papel fundamental tanto en su formación como en la satisfacción con la práctica, al facilitar y garantizar el aprendizaje efectivo, y fomentar la eficacia de la intervención social que desarrollan las estudiantes. No obstante, a pesar de su importancia, poca atención se ha prestado a explorar el perfil integral de las supervisoras, que abarca sus conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes, con el objetivo de fortalecer el rol. En este marco, el presente estudio buscó examinar el perfil de las supervisoras de campo, con base en las perspectivas obtenidas de estudiantes, profesoras y supervisoras de Trabajo Social. Situado en Chile, el estudio empleó una metodología de investigación mixta, al integrar técnicas como las encuestas estructuradas y las entrevistas. A través de este enfoque riguroso, se lograron identificar los componentes esenciales que constituyen el perfil de una supervisora de campo, y reconocer el imperativo de alinear estos perfiles con los objetivos educativos para fomentar su crecimiento profesional y efectividad.
Desigualdades socioterritoriais e mobilidades cotidianas nas metrópoles de América Latina: uma comparação entre Bogotá, Santiago de Chile e São Paulo
(2013) Demoraes, Florent; Gouëset, Vincent; Piron, Marie; Figueroa, Oscar; Zioni, Silvana
Na América Latina, não é fácil comparar as cidades conforme suas mobilidades cotidianas, em razão da dificuldade de dispor de fontes confiáveis em uma escala “funcional”, ou que levem em conta as áreas metropolitanas em sua totalidade e não apenas as cidades centrais. É o caso deste artigo, cujo objetivo é explorar metodologias analíticas para comparar a possível relação entre a localização residencial, condição social e padrões de mobilidades cotidianas através dos deslocamentos domicílio-trabalho em três metrópoles latinoamericanas – Bogotá, Santiago do Chile e São Paulo– estudadas no escopo da Pesquisa Metal. Neste artigo, propomos responder as seguintes perguntas: quais são as diferenças e semelhanças nos padrões de mobilidade cotidiana nas três metrópoles? Como estes padrões se articulam às condições sociais da população? E qual é o aporte da abordagem territorial da mobilidade cotidiana em relação às análises clássicas centradas nos indivíduos ou nas famílias? O artigo faz inicialmente uma apresentação dos dados utilizados e da metodologia comparativa adotada. Em seguida, apresentamos as principais características das três metrópoles e suas ofertas de transporte. Em uma terceira parte, analisamos para cada uma das três cidades os deslocamentos domicílio-trabalho e suas variações em função da composição social dos diferentes setores das áreas metropolitanas. Finalmente, propomos uma síntese que ressalta as semelhanças e as diferenças observadas.
Examining the Antecedents, Prevalence and Trajectories of Reactionary Collective Action Intentions Among Europeans Over Time
(2025) Lilly, Kieren J.; González, Roberto; Houkamau, Carla A.; Sibley, Chris G.; Osborne, Danny
Reactionary movements—movements that effectively increase inequality by advancing the rights of structurally advantaged groups—are of increasing concern in contemporary politics. Yet few studies assess support for these movements over time. We address this oversight in two studies examining reactionary collective action intentions over 9 years in a nationwide sample of New Zealand Europeans (Ntotal = 54,561). Random intercept cross-lagged panel modelling (Study 1) and latent class growth analysis (Study 2) reveal that high ethnic identification, social dominance orientation and conservatism, but low system justification, predict both within-person increases in, and class trajectories of, reactionary collective action intentions over time. Although most Europeans (86.62%) reported low and declining reactionary collective action intentions, a subgroup of Reactionaries (13.38%) emerged whose intentions increased over time. Collectively, these results highlight how and when reactionary collective action intentions emerge over time and illustrate the need to monitor social movements seeking to promote inequality.
Fraternity as mutual aid or mutual assistance? From political fraternity to Economics of Francesco
(Springer Nature, 2025) Hodge Cornejo, Cristián
The objective of this article is twofold: (i) to rethink economics and politics from fraternity perspective. And, on the other hand, (ii) to highlight the contributions of some authors from the Economy of Francesco (EoF) to the proposal of a fraternal economy and a fraternal economics. How can fraternity be conceived in the current version of capitalism, amidst inequalities and the environmental crisis? Firstly, the concept of political fraternity is presented, and how Ángel Puyol understands mutual aid; secondly, it is shown how Stefano Zamagni proposes the principle of fraternity from the paradigm of Civil Economy, not only for economic life, but also for economic thought; thirdly, what Luigino Bruni and Robert Sugden postulate about market relations that would be fraternal, where mutual assistance is understood as team reasoning, is presented; fourthly, what some of the authors from Economy of Francesco write about fraternity, about we-rationality, and about its political dimension are analysed; Finally, some conclusions of the study are provided.
Giving Voice to the Healthy Siblings of Children with Cancer: A Scoping Review
(2025) Vega Vega, Paula Andrea; Sáez Álvarez, Amalia; Poblete Villegas, Sofía; Concha Méndez, Camila
Introduction: Childhood cancer affects all family members, which is why recent studies have begun to show the vulnerability of healthy sib-lings who are involved in psychosocial, social, and academic aspects of patients’ lives. Objectives: To identify the experiences lived by healthy siblings of children with cancer that affect their well-being and quality of life during and after the illness. Materials and Methods: A scoping review based on the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, using the databases Web of Science, PubMed, CUIDEN, and CINAHL, follow-ing PRISMA guidelines, conducted between August 2024 and January 2025, with the descriptors Siblings, Children, Cancer, Social Problems, Experience, and Research. The findings of the selected articles were subjected to thematic analysis by the authors. Results: Twenty-three scientific articles were selected, and four categories were identified: (a) Family distancing, (b) Deterioration of the healthy sibling’s relation-ship with parents, (c) Impact on the healthy sibling’s private life, and (d) Coping strategies developed by healthy siblings. Conclusions: Healthy siblings face complex situations that compromise their well-being. De-spite this, they manage to adapt, though they remain at risk of develop-ing physical, socioemotional, and academic consequences. Therefore, they require active and multidimensional interventions that include them in their entirety and promote their quality of life.
Habitar, pertenecer y participar: actitud hacia el barrio y participación ciudadana en Santiago de Chile
(2021) Vecchio, Giovanni; Huerta Olivares, Consuelo Macarena; Luengo Kanacri Bernadette Paula
Tratándose del entorno espacial más cercano al individuo, diferentes disciplinas se han aproximado al barrio para investigar su rol en distintas manifestaciones de la participación ciudadana. En este trabajo nos preguntamos si la actitud hacia el propio barrio puede ser un predictor de participación ciudadana. El objetivo de este estudio, además, es investigar si la eventual participación resultante es de tipo cívico o político. Para investigar el tema, desarrollamos un análisis descriptivo de datos referidos a percepción barrial y participación ciudadana en Santiago de Chile. Nuestros resultados proporcionan evidencias de cuánto la dimensión social del barrio (sentido de pertenencia, capital social y sociabilidad) es un antecedente de la participación cívica, primariamente, y política en segundo nivel.
(In)seguridad ontológica y confianza social en América Latina: Una aproximación con modelos de ecuaciones estructurales
(2020) Padilla Lobos, Diego
América Latina es comúnmente asociada con realidades de desigualdad, exclusión, inseguridad y desencanto. Este panorama resulta propicio para indagar sentimientos de (in)seguridad ontológica, comprendida como afección al sentido de continuyidad biográfica, fundado en preocupaciones referentes al contexto amplio e inmediato. El presente estudio pretende indagar sentimientos de (in)seguridad ontológica en ciudadanos latinoamericanos, entendiendose como variable latente de dos dimensiones ("centrífuga" y "centrípeta"), elucidada por medio de análisis factorial. Posteriormente se utiliza dicha información para producir modelos de ecuaciones estructurales analizados por medio de regresiones logísticas binomiales para explorar la relación entre ambas dimensiones y una medida de confianza social.
¿Indígena campesino o indígena urbano? Aproximaciones desde los procesos de movilidad mapuche en la ciudad intermedia de Temuco (Chile)
(2020) Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Riquelme Maulén, Wladimir Esteban; Zúñiga Becerra, Paulina Belén; CEDEUS (Chile)
Este artículo tiene como objetivo examinar aspectos relevantes del “ser indígena campesino en la ciudad” mediante procesos de movilidad. Específicamente, se ocupa de prácticas y significados de movilidad mapuche, que ponen en conexión a la ciudad de Temuco y sus localidades circundantes Maquehue y Labranza (región de La Araucanía, Chile), ambas con alta presencia de comunidades indígenas. Identificamos que la dicotomía entre ser indígena campesino y ser indígena urbano requiere un descentramiento teórico que contextualice los espacios en que habita y se mueve la población indígena. Investigamos los procesos de movilidad mapuche por medio de la integración entre instrumentos etnográficos -observación etnográfica y entrevistas en profundidad- y métodos móviles. Registramos los flujos de personas en el transporte público del sistema urbano-territorial de Temuco y realizamos la técnica del sombreo con personas mapuche durante su movilidad cotidiana. Esta integración, que definimos como etnografía en movilidad, se sostiene por medio de la articulación interdisciplinar entre antropología y geografía, y nos permite adentrarnos en los procesos de movilidad mapuche campesina en conexión con la ciudad. Como resultado de esto, surgen tres aproximaciones a partir de las cuales sostenemos los resultados: espacialidades, temporalidades e identidades. Concluimos que el análisis de los procesos de movilidad permite comprender el significado de ser indígena campesino en la ciudad, al trascender las dicotomías entre lo rural y lo urbano que han imperado en los estudios indígenas. El artículo profundiza en las dinámicas de lo indígena campesino, desde los procesos de movilidad, e innova metodológicamente al articular datos etnográficos y socioespaciales que hacen posible superar la imperante visión estática y dualista con la que se ha estudiado a las poblaciones indígenas en proceso de urbanización.
Indígenas, catequese e civilização no município da vila de São José de Porto Alegre, Bahia (1842-1849)
(Federal University of Fronteira Sul, 2023) Ribeiro, Edilmar Cardoso
This article aims to describe the initiatives of the Provincial Government of Bahia to catechize and civilize the so-called “savage indians” of the municipality of São José de Porto Alegre (1842-1849). First, the presence of indigenous people in the municipality of São José de Porto Alegre is discussed, highlighting their conflicts with settlers. Then, we present the authorities' perceptions about the best means to catechize and civilize the natives, highlighting two methods: the foundation of a village and a military colony. Next, the village foundation is analyzed, showing its failure due to the lack of missionaries and, mainly, the natives’ resistance to the village. Afterward, the initiative to establish the military colony is examined, showing its failure due to the poor adaptability of the non-indigenous people to the jungle and the lack of adequate financial means. Finally, we conclude by emphasizing the government’s inability to adequately promote catechesis and civilization and the absence of public authorities in the Mucuri region.
Mediterranean diet and psychological well-being intervention to reverse metabolic syndrome in Chile (CHILEMED trial)
(2023) Echeverría Errázuriz, Guadalupe; Samith Catalán, Bárbara Patricia; Von Schultzendorff Hoyl, Beatriz Andrea; Pinto Manzo, Victoria Sabina; Martínez Cifuentes, Ximena; Sara Zaror, Daniela Alejandra; Calzada, Mariana; Pacheco Gutiérrez, Josefina; Plaza Paz, Gianella; Scott Escorza, Francesca Angelina; Romero Romero, Javiera Constanza; Mateo Hernández, Camila; Julio Gonzalez, Maria Verónica; Utreras Mendoza, Yildy; Binder Correa, María Victoria; Gutiérrez Medina, Florencia Antonia; Riquelme Stagnaro, María Emilia; Cuevas Guzmán, Margarita María; Willatt, Rosario; Sánchez González, Omayra Margarita De Jesús; Keilendt Astete, Aracelli Tiare; Butron, Patricia; Jarufe Calabrese, Alessandra Antonia; Huete Rubio, Isidora Sofia; Tobar Bavestrello, Josefina Isidora; Martin. Sofía; Alfaro, Valentina; Olivos Celedón, Matilde; Pedrals, Nuria; Bitrán Carreño, Marcela; Ávalos, Ivette; Ruini, Chiara; Ryff, Carol; Pérez Pons, Druso Diego; Berkowitz Fiebich, Loni; Rigotti Rivera, Attilio
Psychosocial status and lifestyle are key risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which, in turn, are main drivers of healthcare costs and morbimortality worldwide, including Chile. Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is one of the healthiest dietary patterns under study. However, its impact on high-risk conditions, such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), and NCDs outside the Mediterranean Basin remains mostly unexplored. Even though Central Chile has an environment, food production, and culinary traditions comparable to those present in Mediterranean countries, few studies -some with significant methodological limitations- have evaluated the effect of MedDiet on health and/or disease in Chilean subjects. Importantly, a Mediterranean lifestyle is a modus vivendi that integrates physical health with mental and social well-being. Psychological well-being (PWB) is associated with healthy behaviors, positive health outcomes, and longevity, thereby emerging as a novel healthcare goal. We report here an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial in Chilean patients with MetS seeking to test whether (1) a PWB theory-based intervention facilitates induction to and increases long-term adherence to a locally adapted MedDiet, and (2) a MedDiet intervention -implemented alone or combined with well-being promotion- is more effective at reversing MetS compared to individuals following a low-fat diet without psychological support. The CHILEan MEDiterranean (CHILEMED) diet intervention study is a 1-year trial including patients with MetS living in Chile. Participants will be assigned randomly by a computer-generated random number sequence to one of the three intervention arms: a) low-fat diet as control group, b) MedDiet alone, and c) MedDiet plus well-being support. Patients will be followed-up by individual and/or group online nutritional sessions or phone cal as well as 6- and 12-month in-person re-assessment of medical history, medication use, food intake, PWB, anthropometrics/physical exam, and blood collection for laboratory analysis. The primary outcome of the trial will be the effect of the MedDiet -with or without PWB intervention- on overall reversal of MetS compared to low-fat diet alone. Based on a statistical superiority trial, expected impact, and patient loss, the estimated study sample is 339 subjects (113 individuals per arm in 3 equal-sized groups). Currently, we have enrolled 179 patients, predominantly women, evenly distributed by age (group means ranging from 45.7 to 48,9 years-old), 3/4 are obese with almost all of them showing abdominal obesity, 70% are hypertensive, whereas <10% exhibit diabetes. If findings turn out as expected (e.g., MedDiet -with or without PWB intervention- is better than the low-fat diet for reversion of MetS at 1-year follow-up), CHILEMED will provide further beneficial evidence of the MedDiet on NCD risk conditions beyond the Mediterranean region.
Navegando entre reformas: el Tribunal de Cuentas de Santiago de Chile, 1767-1810
(2025) López Taverne, Elvira
Este artículo analiza la historia y el funcionamiento del Tribunal de Cuentas de Santiago de Chile a fines del periodo colonial, poniendo especial énfasis en los desafíos administrativos y políticos de la nueva institución. Mediante un examen detallado, se descubre la complejidad de las carreras de sus funcionarios. Asimismo, se exploran las redes sociales y políticas de estos actores y cómo estas configuraron la gestión y eficacia del Tribunal. El artículo también aborda las tensiones y resistencias generadas por esta institución colonial en la sociedad de la época, ilustrando la interacción compleja entre la administración colonial y la estructura social local.
Navigating the divide: inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in Latin American and the Caribbean countries amidst COVID-19
(2024) Herrera Riquelme, Cristian Alberto; Kerr, Amanda C.; Eberwein, Julia Dayton; Bedregal, Paula; Kringos, Dionne; Klazinga, Niek
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is among the most unequal regions in the world in termsof wealth and household income. Such inequalities have been shown to influence different outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the disruption of routine health services. The aim of this paper is to examine socioeconomic inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in LAC countries from mid-2020 to late 2021. We used household-level data from the COVID-19 High Frequency Phone Surveys (HFPS), conducted in 14 LAC countries in one round in 2020 and 24 countries in two rounds in 2021. Ordinary least square and Logit multivariate regressions were conducted to examine the correlation between reported healthcare disruptions with household characteristics for 2020 and 2021. Since household income levels were not directly collected in the HPFS, we created an index of inequality and estimated the relative index of inequality. When analyzing 2020–2021 together, reported healthcare disruptions were lower if the respondent wasemployed or did not report lack of food in the last month; if the household had more people aged 65 or older or more rooms to sleep in. When analyzed separately in 2020 and 2021, having more people aged 65 or older or not experiencing food insecurity remained stable factors for lower odds of disruption in both years. In addition, being employed was associated with lower odds of disruption in 2020, while being male or having more rooms to sleep in were associated with lower odds of disruption in 2021. Regarding wealth differences in 2021 (it was not possible to compute it for 2020), households with the lowest wealth were 27.3% more likely to report a care disruption than households with the highest wealth. The socioeconomic status of households in LAC was a relevant factor in explaining the disruption of healthcare during the COVID19 pandemic, with a clear social gradient where the wealthier a household, the less likely it was to experience disruption of care. Food security, employment, and gender policies should be integral to preparing for and responding to future shocks such as pandemics. Prioritizing the most affected populations, like theelderly during COVID-19, can enhance the health system effectiveness.
Networked inequality: The role of changes in network heterogeneity and network size in attitudes towards inequality
(Elsevier B.V., 2026) Plaza, Alejandro; Beck Villarroel, Guillermo Ignacio; Iturra-Sanhueza, Julio; Otero, Gabriel; Muñoz, Benjamín
Existing research on attitudes towards inequality has predominantly focused on individual class or socioeconomic position, with little attention paid to the role of personal networks. The limited existing research has primarily focused on the influence of specific class ties, while overlooking a crucial dimension: network size. Moreover, the lack of quantitative data containing information about socioeconomic standing, network configuration and attitudes over time for a group of the same individuals has hindered the accurate testing of the influence of personal networks on attitudes towards inequality. To address these gaps, the main goal of this paper is to examine the extent to which changes in the size and heterogeneity of acquaintanceship networks affect attitudes towards inequality in Chile – a country with high levels of income and wealth inequality. We utilise quantitative data from two waves (2016–2018) of a representative panel survey for the urban Chilean population, provided by the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey (ELSOC). Our cross-sectional analyses indicate that network heterogeneity and network size both enhance perceptions of income inequality and preferences for equality, while decreasing perceptions of meritocracy. In the fixed effects regression models, however, network size is more closely linked to an increased perception of inequality, while network heterogeneity is more strongly associated with greater preferences for equality. Moreover, increases in network size tend to reduce meritocratic perceptions. These findings suggest that network size and network heterogeneity are complementary network characteristics in explaining attitudes towards inequality.
Perceptions of inequality and meritocracy: their interplay in shaping preferences for market justice in Chile (2016–2023)
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2025) Castillo, Juan Carlos; Laffert, Andreas; Carrasco, Kevin; Iturra-Sanhueza, Julio
Introduction: Several countries have experienced a shift toward the privatization and commodification of public goods, welfare policies, and social services. In Latin America, Chile stands out as a paradigmatic case where this trend has led to the extensive marketization of essential services. From a moral economy perspective, the extent to which individuals consider it fair for access to such services to depend on market criteria has been conceptualized as market justice preferences. This study investigates the relationship between perceptions of economic inequality, meritocratic beliefs, and market justice preferences in Chile between 2016 and 2023. Methods: Using six waves of panel data from the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey-ELSOC (Nobservations = 8,643; Nindividuals = 1,687), the analysis examines how subjective assessments of inequality shape attitudes toward the role of merit in access to key social services such as healthcare, education, and pensions. Results: The findings show that greater perceived inequality is associated with lower market justice preferences. However, individuals who believe that effort is rewarded are more likely to legitimize existing disparities. In contrast, the perception that talent is rewarded shows a negative effect on market justice preferences; an effect that intensifies as perceived inequality increases over time. The study also considers the influence of major social movements during this period, which appear to have reshaped public discourse on justice and fairness. Discussion: These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how distributive beliefs evolve in contexts marked by persistent inequality and entrenched neoliberal frameworks. They indicate that while perceptions of inequality tend to undermine support for market justice, meritocratic beliefs-particularly those emphasizing effort-reinforce its legitimacy. By contrast, talent-based meritocratic perceptions weaken it, especially as inequality becomes more salient. The results also suggest that major collective events, such as the 2019 protests, did not fundamentally alter these underlying associations.
Prevalence of anxiety disorders in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(Elsevier Ltd., 2025) Errázuriz Concha, Antonia; Avello Vega, Dalia de los Ángeles; Passi, Álvaro; Torres Barrenechea, Rafael; Bacigalupo Izquierdo, Félix; Crossley, Nicolás; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Jones, Peter B.
Background The prevalence of anxiety disorders among the adult population in Latin America (LATAM) and its association with development indicators is insufficiently characterised. We estimated pooled regional, country, and sex-specific prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in LATAM based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) criteria. Additionally, we examined the association between its prevalence and four country-level development indicators: Human Development Index (HDI), income inequality (Gini coefficient), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and Intentional Homicide Rate (IHR). Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies on the prevalence of ICD/ DSM anxiety disorders in LATAM from 1990 to 2024, irrespective of language. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, SciELO, LILACS, and grey literature. Study quality was assessed using JBI's critical appraisal tools. Pooled estimates were generated using random-effects meta-analysis, and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I-squared (I2) statistic. Meta-regression analyses were performed to examine the ecological association between anxiety disorders prevalence and four development indicators. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020190238). Findings Using data from 36 studies in LATAM, we calculated the lifetime, 12-month, and current prevalence of ICD/ DSM anxiety disorders at 14.55% (95% Confidence Interval 12.32%-17.11%; I2 = 97.9%); 6.61% (5.20-8.37; I2 = 98.1%), and 3.27% (2.34-4.56; I2 = 97.5%), respectively. Heterogeneity was high across prevalence periods, sexes, and countries (all I2 >= 91.4%), warranting caution in interpreting pooled estimates. Elevated 12-month and current prevalence rates of anxiety disorders were associated with higher Gini coefficients (p <= 0.0013). Additionally, higher current prevalence was associated with lower HDI (p = 0.0103) and higher GII (p = 0.0023), while elevated 12-month prevalence was associated with higher IHR (p = 0.011). Interpretation This study shows that approximately one in seven people in LATAM experience anxiety disorders at some point in their lives. These findings highlight the need to strengthen mental health systems in the region, and evidence the association between prevalence of anxiety disorders and development indicators. Our results can serve as a baseline for tracking anxiety disorders and for informed decision-making at the national and regional levels. The substantial heterogeneity between studies and the underrepresentation of some countries underscore the imperative for enhancing regional mental health capacities.
Reproductive Waithood: An exploratory cohort study of changes in the transition to motherhood in Chile
(2025) Yopo Díaz, Martina Irina; Madero Cabib, Ignacio
Waithood is a growing global phenomenon as more women are delaying childbearing and becoming mothers later in life. However, little is known about changes in the transition to motherhood beyond the Global North. Drawing on 40 life story interviews with four cohorts of women in Chile, this qualitative study explores how waithood is emerging as a social norm in connection to changes in the nature, timing, and sequence of motherhood amidst macro-structural transformations in recent decades. We find that waiting to have children is both intentional, as women prioritize education and work milestones, and unintentional, as women face multiple difficulties to become mothers in highly precarious and uncertain contexts. While reproductive waithood is associated to self-realization, increasing readiness for childbearing, and advantages for good mothering, it is also a coping strategy to navigate the transition to motherhood amidst excessive childrearing costs, economic instability, limited social protection, and material hardship. Our findings also suggest that while reproductive waithood is apparent among upper and middle class women, it is also emerging among lower class women as a strategy to avoid the negative effects of early pregnancy on their trajectories of social mobility, navigate the precarious conditions of the labor market, and secure a good upbringing for their children. Overall, these findings contribute to recent scholarship addressing waithood in family formation and delayed adulthood in the Global South.
Risk Management of Rural Road Networks Exposed to Natural Hazards: Integrating Social Vulnerability and Critical Infrastructure Access in Decision Making
(2025) Contreras Moya, Marta; Chamorro Giné, Marcela Alondra; Guerrero Mancilla, Nikole Fernanda; Martínez Reyes, Carolina del Pilar; Echaveguren, Tomás; Allen, Eduardo; Bronfman Cáceres, Nicolás
Road networks play a crucial role in accessing, sourcing, and evacuating populations during extreme natural events. These issues are especially critical in rural settings, where redundancy of networks is uncommon and where the population may present significant social disparities. Traditional risk management systems have studied the risk of the road network from a physical perspective, where the probability of damage is estimated in terms of its fragility (vulnerability) and exposure given certain hazard intensity measures. However, the specialized literature increasingly suggests the development of more comprehensive risk management systems, where not only physical aspects associated with infrastructure are considered but also the social and economic characteristics of the beneficiary population. This study proposes a Vulnerability Access Index for road network decision-making that integrates social vulnerability of rural communities exposed to extreme natural events and their accessibility to nearby critical infrastructure. The proposed methodology considers three stages: Stage 1, Social Vulnerability Index based on socioeconomic variables, to which a principal component analysis is applied to identify the most determining dimensions of social vulnerability; Stage 2, Importance Index to evaluate access to critical infrastructure, and; Stage 3, Vulnerability Access Index, which is obtained as a combination of the indices estimated in the previous stages. A case study is presented in a highly exposed region to volcanic hazards in Chile. The proposed index identified links of the road network that require special attention as they provide access to highly vulnerable population and present critical access issues.
Social determinants of oral health in an indigenous community of Chile: preliminary data of a mixed qualitative and quantitative study
(2025) Cantarutti Martínez, Cynthia; Yévenes, Gerardo; Muñoz-del-Carpio-Toia, Agueda; Adorno-Farias, Daniela; Fernández-Ramires, Ricardo; Santos-Silva, Alan Roger; Santos, Jean N. dos; Molina-Ávila, Ignacio; González-Arriagada, Wilfredo Alejandro
Introduction Certain aspects of indigenous communities, such as cultural practices and access to care, have been discussed as potential determinants of oral health. However, research on this topic remains limited. Understanding the factors influencing oral health and their perceptions is crucial for developing culturally appropriate interventions. This study aims to evaluate the determinants and self-perception of oral health through a mixed study within a specific indigenous community in the north of Chile. Furthermore, this is the first study to examine oral health in the Quechua and Aymara communities of Chile. Methods This exploratory study was conducted in in two phases: a quantitative phase, involving clinical examination and administration of questionnaires; and qualitative phase, consisting of interviews with subset of participants from the quantitative phase. A descriptive statistic of the quantitative data was performed. Results While no significant differences were found between indigenous and non-indigenous population in this city of Chile, differences were observed between the two main indigenous communities (Aymaras and Quechuas). Historical factors appeared to influence these differences. Belonging to the Aymara community emerges as a significant determinant of oral health, characterized by a greater need for oral rehabilitation, barriers to accessing dental care, lower self-perception of the quality of oral health. Educational level and rurality were identified as factors potentially affecting the oral health status of this community. Conclusion Ethnicity can influence in oral health, primarily in relation to rurality and educational level. This study found no significant overall differences in oral health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous participants. However, Quechuas exhibited better oral health than Aymaras. Participants demonstrated good oral health knowledge and a positive attitude towards prevention, despite recalling limited education in their youth. We emphasize the need for implementing strategies for oral health promotion and prevention that consider cultural, linguistic and specific needs of these communities.

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