I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales

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21 Propuestas de políticas públicas para disminuir las emisiones de CO2 en hogares de ciudades del centro – sur de Chile
(Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales UC, 2021) Bergamini Ladron De Guevara, Kay Joaquin; Rojas Quezada, Carolina; Salazar Preece, Gonzalo Eduardo; Gutierrez Zamorano, Patricia Loreto; Ojeda Leal, Carolina Grace; Curillan Muñoz, Christian Ignacio; Insituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales
A sustainability index for anthropized and urbanized coasts: The case of Concon Bay, central Chile
(2020) Martínez Reyes, Carolina del Pilar; López, Pablo; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Qüense, Jorge; Hidalgo, Rodrigo; Arenas, Federico
The level of anthmpization in one of the most urbanized areas of central Chile (Concon Bay, 33 degrees S) is analyzed using a Coastal Sustainability Index (CSI). It is constructed from variables associated with driving forces (pressures) acting on geomorphological units with a known level of fragility (reference). The coastal conservation and intervention status was determined using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and frequency ratio models combined with GIS. A correlation between driving forces and a high level of sustainability indicates a high degree of conservation of these geomorphological units, while a correlation between driving forces and a moderate or low level of sustainability indicates a high degree of intervention and little conservation of these natural units. It was established that 89.7% of the total area of ConcOn Bay presented low or moderate levels of sustainability, associated with residential and industrial uses and proximity to major roads. The high sustainability areas account for only 10.3% of the total area and consist of wetlands, beaches and dune fields that are under great pressure from real estate projects and various economic activities. Based on this index and the determination of areas with different sustainability levels, it is possible to orient decision making in land-use planning to control the driving forces in highly anthmpized, urbanized coastal zones in order to incorporate conservation measures for coastal ecosystems of high natural and cultural value.
Agenda Pública para la Zona Costera e Islas
(Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales, PUC, 2022) Bergamini Ladrón de Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Guzmán Martínez, Pablo; Moris Iturrieta, Roberto; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Vecchio, Giovanni; Alarcón Miranda, Andrea Francisca; CEDEUS (Chile)
Actualmente las zonas costeras están sometidas a grandes transformaciones, ya sea por las presiones que genera el cambio climático o las de carácter antrópico provocadas por el crecimiento de población en asentamientos costeros. En este sentido, se vuelve indispensable enfocar esfuerzos académicos en estos territorios, debido a los grandes desafíos que enfrentan desde la planificación territorial y urbana. El Núcleo de Planificación Integrada de Zonas Costeras e Islas, durante el año 2021 buscó visibilizar la situación actual de la costa chilena y colaborar en consensos de lineamientos y objetivos de una agenda preliminar destinada a abordar las problemáticas de estas zonas. Para esto, se organizaron tres actividades con invitados del mundo académico, estudiantes, profesionales y representantes de la sociedad ad hoc a la temática, denominadas Conversaciones Creativas de PIZIS, sumado a una instancia de presentación en modalidad de conversatorio. Como metodología de trabajo se ocupó el Método MAPGUÍA Conversaciones Creativas, para fomentar el trabajo colaborativo y la coproducción con un total de 48 participantes en todo el proceso. Como resultados de los talleres, en una primera instancia se obtuvo un diagnóstico, donde se reconocieron las principales tensiones que sufren las zonas costeras, sumado a la identificación de cuatro macrotemas que son fundamentales de abordar: Gobernanza y Planificación Integrada, Gestión de Riesgo y Cambio Climático, Desarrollo Sustentable y Economía Circular, y por último Diseño Urbano e Infraestructura. Posteriormente se avanzó en la definición de los componentes y objetivos que debe considerar la Agenda preliminar de Políticas Públicas, los cuales permitieron determinar ocho temas claves para abordar los desafíos a nivel país en la Agenda, y en orden de jerarquía fueron los siguientes: Adaptación al Cambio Climático, Gobernanza de Zona Costera e Islas, Escasez y Gestión Hídrica, Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza, Resiliencia y Gestión de Riesgo, Propiedad y Gestión de Suelo, Geopolítica y Desarrollo Territorial, y Empleo y Espacios Productivos. Con las directrices de una Agenda preliminar de Zonas Costeras e Islas del país, se espera fortalecer la investigación científica y aplicada con el propósito de incidir de manera concreta en políticas públicas que busquen reconocer y valorar la zona costera por medio de una planificación integrada y sustentable.
Assessing the Role of Land-Use Planning in Near Future Climate-Driven Scenarios in Chilean Coastal Cities
(2023) León, Jorge; Winckler, Patricio; Vicuña del Río, María Magdalena; Guzmán Pincheira, Simón Andrés; Larraguibel, Cristian
This study reviews the degree to which land-use planning addresses climate change adaptation in Chilean Low Elevated Coastal Zones (LECZ). We first select 12 of the country’s most exposed coastal municipalities using a Municipal Exposure Index (MEI). Then, we conduct a content analysis of the communal regulatory plans (CRPs) using a “presumed exposure analysis”, which assumes that the inventory of assets within LECZ, according to the 2017 census, is a proxy of the exposure. Then, we conduct a more refined “hazard exposure analysis” by comparing changes in flooding levels between a historical period (1985–2004) and the RCP8.5 scenario (2026–2045). Using the latter approach, we show that flooding could affect large portions of the municipalities’ housing areas (3.7%), critical facilities (14.6%), and wetlands (22.7%) in the period 2026–2045. In the presumed exposure analysis, these percentages rise to 7.5%, 23.9%, and 24.9%, respectively. We find that CRPs also allow for a densification of exposed residential areas, whose density would increase by 9.2 times, on average, between the historical period and the RCP8.5 scenario. Additionally, only four municipalities define floodable zones as “risk areas”. Lastly, the difficulty in updating CRPs and their antiquity −21.25 years old on average could explain their ineffectiveness in implementing climate change adaptation strategies.
Chilean institutional policies and multi-level agents: Challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic and carbon footprint
(2023) Bergamini Ladrón de Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Ojeda Leal, Carolina Grace; Gutiérrez, Patricia; Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Curillán, Christian; CEDEUS (Chile)
As a result of the increasing number of multilateral agreements that Chile has signed, different sectors of consumption have become sources of emissions. In this context attempts to implement guidelines to address this issue have been made. Nevertheless, international policies such as sustainable development goals (SDG) 11–12 often generate dissonance in national and local administrations and have been approached by different instruments to reduce the effects of emissions, mostly focused on the private industrial sector. Methods: This article focuses on four of the most polluted cities in south-central Chile (Coronel, Temuco, Valdivia, and Osorno). Key agents (ministries, regional government, municipalities, and civil society) from three levels of policy development were selected at three scales (national, regional, and local) and interviewed considering three thematic axes: knowledge of carbon footprint areas (housing, heating, food, mobility, and energy), institutional governance, and adaptive changes due to COVID-19. Results: The results show that in Chile, there is a multiscale climate governance led by the Ministry of the Environment (national level), followed by the regional and local levels. Citizens are then left with few capacities, which is negatively viewed. In relation to the carbon footprint and COVID-19, it can be observed that the topic of energy was more addressed at the national and regional levels. Food and energy, followed by heating and then mobility were addressed at the communal level and in civil society. Discussion: Decision-making strategies and policies were discussed in this paper.
Climate change adaptive capacity in Santiago de Chile : Creating a governance regime for sustainability planning
(2013) Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems Affected by Urbanization?
(2020) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Novoa, Vanessa; Rojas, Octavio; Ahumada-Rudolph, Ramón; Sáez, Katia; Fierro, Pablo
Coastal wetlands are ecosystems that provide multiple benefits to human settlements; nonetheless, they are seriously threatened due to both a lack of planning instruments and human activities associated mainly with urban growth. An understanding of their functioning and status is crucial for their protection and conservation. Two wetlands with different degrees of urbanization, Rocuant-Andalién (highly urbanized) and Tubul-Raqui (with little urbanization), were analyzed using temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, turbidity, granulometry, fecal coliform, and macroinvertebrate assemblage variables in summer and winter. In both wetlands marked seasonality in salinity, temperature and sediment texture classification, regulated by oceanic influence and changes in the freshwater budget, was observed. In the Rocuant-Andalién wetland, the increases in pH, dissolved oxygen, gravel percentage, and coliform concentration were statistically significant. Urbanization generated negative impacts on macroinvertebrate assemblage structure that inhabit the wetlands; greater richness and abundance (8.5 times greater) were recorded in the Tubul-Raqui wetland than in the more urbanized wetland. The multivariate statistical analysis reflects the alteration of these complex systems.
Coping with Natural Disasters and Urban Risk: An Approach to Urban Sustainability from Socio-Environmental Fragmentation and Urban Vulnerability Assessment
(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2014) Link, Felipe; Barth, Katrin; Harris, Jordan Michael; Irarrazaval Irarrazaval, Felipe; Valenzuela, Felipe; Welz, Juliane; William G. Holt
Purpose - Cities have been exposed to a variety of natural disasters such as flooding, extreme temperatures, storms, earthquakes, and other natural shocks, and have had to respond and adapt to such pressures over time. In the context of global climate change, natural disasters have increased across the globe. Apart from climate change, many urban environments in Latin America are experiencing significant transformations in land use patterns, socio-demographic change, changing labor markets, and economic growth, resulting from recent decades of globalization. Such transformations have resulted in the internal fragmentation of cities. In this context, the purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate the importance in both theoretical and methodological terms, of integrating the concept of socio-environmental fragmentation into urban vulnerability research in order to make progress toward higher degrees of local sustainability in those areas of the city that suffer natural disasters and fragmentation. Methodology/approach - A mixed methods approach is used in order to combine different technical issues from urban and climate change studies. Findings - The findings are related to the importance of an integrated approach, regarding the complexity of urban life, and the relationship between the urban, the social, and the environmental phenomenon. Social implications - This chapter relates to the revisit of the current state of preparedness and to determine whether further adaptations are required. The authors understood that these kinds of mixed approaches are necessary in order to understand the new complexity of urban processes.
From Multi-Risk Evaluation to Resilience Planning: The Case of Central Chilean Coastal Cities
(2019) Barria, Pilar; Luisa Cruzat, Maria; Cienfuegos, Rodrigo; Gironas, Jorge; Escauriaza Mesa, Cristian Rodrigo; Bonilla, Carlos; Moris, Roberto; Ledezma, Christian; Guerra, Maricarmen; Rodriguez, Raimundo; Torres, Alma; CEDEUS (Chile)
From urban form analysis to metrics for enhancing tsunami evacuation: Lessons from twelve Chilean cities
(ELSEVIER, 2021) Leon, Jorge; Vicuna, Magdalena; Ogueda, Alonso; Guzman, Simon; Gubler, Alejandra; Mokrani, Cyril
In the case of near-field tsunami emergencies, evacuation is considered the most important and effective method to save human lives. While significant efforts have been carried out to examine the relationships between urban forms and tsunami evacuation, challenges remain on delivering evidence-based urban design strategies, principles or metrics that could be applied by decision-makers to guide the physical development or retrofitting of tsunami-prone coastal communities around the world. In this paper, we propose a methodology that combines tsunami flood and evacuation modelling with statistical analysis, to examine the pedestrian evacuation potential of 67 urban samples extracted from 12 case studies in Chile. Our findings show that urban form parameters like the number of exit points out of an endangered area, the mean distance from the street network to these points, and the population density, can have a noticeable impact on tsunami evacuation times, which nonetheless is significantly dependent on the evacuees & rsquo; departure time. Moreover, we demonstrate that Chilean urban coastal development has been noticeably carried out through grid-like form patterns that might contribute to hinder evacuation in case of a tsunami emergency.
Hacia una ley de costas en Chile: criterios y desafíos en un contexto de cambio climático
(2019) Martinez Reyes, Carolina Del Pilar; Arenas Vásquez, Federico Alberto; Bergamini Ladron De Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Urrea, Jorge
La costa chilena ha experimentado en las últimas décadas profundas transformaciones socio-territoriales derivadas de procesos de antropización intensos, que han causado efectos tales como la amplia exposición de vidas humanas y bienes materiales a amenazas naturales recurrentes, y el deterioro de ecosistemas marino-costeros, entre los más relevantes. A ello, se agregan los efectos de eventos extremos que en la última década han impactado severamente la costa chilena.Este contexto genera importantes desafíos a la conserva- ción de la costa debido a que ésta contiene gran parte de los servicios ecosistémicos que el planeta provee, por ende, son vitales para el desarrollo económico sostenible y constituyen elementos estratégicos a gestionar para conducir los procesos adaptativos que la costa requiere frente al cambio climático.El estado de conservación de la zona costera chilena ha sido estudiado por varios investigadores, cuyo trabajo sentó las bases para un primer diagnóstico sobre la gestión integrada de áreas costeras durante las últimas dos décadas (Castro, 1987, 201, 2015; Andrade et al., 2004, 2008, 2010). Desde CIGIDEN, también se ha analizado en el contexto de su normativa actual, estableciéndose una imperante necesidad de revisión de la Política Nacional de Uso del Borde Coste- ro-PNUBC (que data de 1994), especialmente en cuanto al concepto de “borde costero”. A partir de este último diagnós- tico, proponemos a través del presente documento, criterios y lineamientos a considerar en una futura Ley de Costas, capaz de articular instrumentos de planificación territorial que promuevan su conservación y transformación sostenible, para así asegurar la permanencia de este espacio a las futuras generaciones. Entre ellos, destacamos la necesidad de relevar el concepto de zona costera; establecer una metodología de zonificación; y, por último, articular la zonificación costera de manera efectiva con los Instrumentos de Planificación Territorial, especialmente a nivel local.
Impact of Population Growth in the Central Coastal Zone of Chile: Factors for Estimating Tourism Carrying Capacity Based on the Case Study of One Latin American Seaside Resort
(2021) Roberto Moris; Bergamini Ladron De Guevara, Kay Joaquin; Horacio Gilabert; Rodrigo Culagovski; Daniela Zaviezo; José Ignacio Medina; Andrea Alarcón; Piroska Ángel
Increasing tsunami risk through intensive urban densification in metropolitan areas : a longitudinal analysis in Viña del Mar, Chile
(2019) Canales, J.L.; Vicuña del Río, María Magdalena; Gubler, A.
Multilevel Information Delivery Strategy (MIDS): A Strategic Design Based Model and Method for Equitable Access to Environmental Information
(2024) Mollenhauer Gajardo, Katherine Alexandra; del Río, Cala; Rodríguez, Javiera; Bergamini Ladrón de Guevara, Kay Joaquín; Rugiero De Souza, Vanessa; Medina, José Ignacio
Faced with the climate crisis scenario, it is crucial to take collaborative action that involves multiple actors from civil society, the private and public sectors. However, often in the process of integrating environmental information and designing tools to disseminate it, the unique requirements of each user group are overlooked. Thisraises the question: how can we develop an environmental information delivery strategy that caters to the diverse needs of its users? To address this issue, strategic design and co-creation methodologies were employed in the “Environmental Observatory of Mining Projects”, an applied research project aimed at improving the equitable delivery of information in four communes in Chile. Through this project, a Multilevel Information Delivery Strategy (MIDS) model was developed that outlines the various levels of environmental information delivery required for sustainable and resilient local community development adaptable to multiple contexts.
Perceptions, Tensions, and Contradictions in Timber Construction: Insights from End-Users in a Chilean Forest City
(2024) Encinas, Felipe; Truffello, Ricardo; Ubilla, Mario; Aguirre-Nunez, Carlos; Schueftan, Alejandra; CEDEUS (Chile)
The study addresses the underutilisation of wood in construction in Chile, particularly given the country's robust forestry sector. The research investigates perceptions, tensions, and contradictions among end-users regarding timber construction in Valdivia, a city with a mixed forestry industry. Methods included a comprehensive survey of 96 households across various socioeconomic clusters, utilising descriptive and exploratory statistical analyses. Key findings reveal persistent negative perceptions about wood's durability, fire resistance, and maintenance costs. However, positive aspects, such as lower construction costs and adequate thermal comfort, were also noted. Surprisingly, concerns were raised about wood's environmental impact, including deforestation and its role in combating climate change, contrasting with the material's known ecological benefits. The study concludes that these perceptions are deeply influenced by ideological and sociopolitical factors, suggesting that mere marketing strategies may not suffice to alter public opinion. Instead, a collaborative effort involving public policy, industry advancements, and transparent scientific communication is essential to promote the benefits of timber construction and address the entrenched biases.
Risk and resilience monitor: development of multiscale and multilevel indicators for disaster risk management for the communes and urban areas of Chile
(2018) González, Daniela P.; Monsalve, Mauricio; Moris Iturrieta, Roberto; Herrera Barriga, Cristóbal
Short run “rebound effect” of COVID on the transport carbon footprint
(Elsevier, 2022) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Muñiz, Iván; Quintana, Marc; Simon, Francois; Castillo, Bryan; Rivera, Joaquín; CEDEUS (Chile)
pandemic completely transformed the mobility of cities. The restrictions on movement led to “empty cities” throughout the world, with some environmental effects in terms of clean air and the reduction of CO2 emissions. This research considers how COVID-19 mobility restrictions have affected the carbon footprint of four medium-sized Chilean cities (Coronel, Temuco, Valdivia, and Osorno) that have environmental problems and are highly dependent on motorized systems. The study uses data from 2400 household surveys at three distinct times: pre-pandemic - T0 (winter 2019), the time of implementation of restrictive mobility policies to contain the pandemic - T1 (winter 2020), and six months later when those restrictions were gradually lifted - T2 (summer 2021). The analysis suggests that CO2 emissions actually went up, declining in the winter 2020, but then increasing with the greater use of cars in the summer 2021 due to the temporary effects of commuting to work, ultimately reaching levels higher than the pre-pandemic values, known as the “rebound effect.”
Supporting local adaptation: The contribution of socio-environmental fragmentation to urban vulnerability
(2014) Krellenberg, Kerstin; Link, Felipe; Welz, Juliane; Harris, Jordan; Barth, Katrin; Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe; CEDEUS (Chile)
Trends in household energy-related GHG emissions during COVID-19 in four Chilean cities
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2022) Rojas, Carolina; Simon, Francois; Muniz, Ivan; Quintana, Marc; Irarrazaval, Felipe; Stamm, Caroline; Santos, Benedita; CEDEUS (Chile)
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strongly affected economies and human lifestyles globally. The changes observed in domestic energy consumption patterns have had an impact on household greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since GHG emissions inventories are only available at the country level and at annual intervals, most studies have calculated the local emission variations by extrapolating annual emissions with smaller time and territorial scale consumption data. This research presents a bottom-up method, based on the exploitation of a survey addressed to 1200 households, that provides the information to calculate directly the variation in their energy-related GHG emissions, without the need for extrapolations. This method has been applied to four medium-sized Chilean cities with serious air quality problems. Given the high correlation between atmospheric pollutants such as NOx and CO2 emissions, we estimate that before the appearance of COVID-19, per capita CO2 emissions were already high. The results show that space heating-related GHG emissions have increased moderately (between 1 and 6%), while emissions from electricity and gas consumption for non-heating uses have increased significantly (between 8 and 23%). This has harmed the household economy, highlighting the importance of considering socioeconomic aspects when assessing the impact of COVID-19 in its entirety.
Urban development versus wetland loss in a coastal Latin American city : lessons for sustainable land use planning
(2019) Rojas, Carolina; Munizaga, Juan; Rojas, Octavio; Martínez; Reyes, Carolina del Pilar; Pino, Joan

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