3.10 Facultad de Física

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Numerical simulations of wire array Z-pinches under variations of global magnetic fields
(2017) Donoso Tapia, Luis Alberto; Veloso Espinosa, Felipe Eduardo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
During the last five years a lot of work has been done with the computational code GORGON [1,2] to simulate the dynamics of transient plasmas. The main work has been focused on studying plasmas in different configurations of wire arrays.These configurations include conical arrays [3,4,5], asymmetrical cylindrical arrays [6].This thesis focuses on two primary areas. First, how does spatial resolution affect the reliability of observed simulation results? This was studied by simulating conical wire array Z-pinches with varying resolutions. Second, the dynamics of Z pinch plasmas generated by asymmetrical wire arrays are examined. This causes the magnetic field topology to become asymmetrical, this causing the plasma to move away from the geometrical center [6]. Regarding the conical arrays studied in this work, a low electronic density region was initially observed, which was located between two high density regions, similar to what has been observed in stellar phenomena like the Herbig-Haro objects [7]. However, subsequent simulations, with resolution increased by a factor of 2,5,have disproved this supposition.The second main aspect of this work shows how undermassed aluminium wire configurations can be used for accurate control of plasma dynamics, by modifying the governing magnetic field topology of the system. This leads to an acceptable method for controlling the direction and velocity of the plasma precursor within a time period similar to the associated pulsed power generator rise time [6,8,9].
Parametrización y aplicación de un potencial de muchos cuerpos y transferencia de carga para Fe y FeF2
(2017) Tangarife Franco, Edwin; Mejía López, José Félix; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Las simulaciones computacionales a nivel atómico juegan un papel importante en el desarrollo, diseño y optimización de materiales, así como en la comprensión de sus propiedades estructurales, físicas y químicas. Los mejores enfoques que actualmente existen para describir las interacciones atómicas se basan en las descripciones mecánico-cuánticas, pero son computacionalmente muy costosas y su aplicación generalmente se limita a situaciones en las que el número de átomos es pequeño. Para estudiar sistemas de mayor tamaño se utilizan descripciones empíricas como el potencial COMB (carga optimizada de muchos cuerpos) que describe la interacción de átomos cargados, tomando en cuenta la posible transferencia de carga. Esto es importante principalmente en el estudio de sistemas iónicos, como los óxidos y los halogenuros, cuando se quiere investigar sus notables propiedades como catalizadores, disolventes, refrigerantes, etc. En el caso particular del Fluoruro de Hierro (FeF2), un sistema iónico antiferromagnético, ha sido usado también para la investigación básica del fenómeno de exchange bias en acoplamiento con un ferromagneto como el hierro (Fe). Este fenómeno depende fuertemente de la estructura geométrica y magnética de la interfaz generada en el acoplamiento del FeF2 y el Fe, cuya información no es fácil de obtener desde medidas experimentales. A nivel atómico este acoplamiento puede modificar la distribución de carga de las superficies de cada uno de los materiales en contacto, así como también podría tener migración de átomos de la superficie Fe a la superficie de FeF2, generando una magnetización no compensada que es necesaria para obtener el efecto de anisotropía unidireccional responsable del fenómeno de exchange bias. Por lo tanto, para simular estos sistemas a través de Monte Carlo o simulaciones de dinámica molecular, es importante considerar la transferencia de carga en el potencial de interacción utilizado para describir el sistema. En este trabajo se propone una parametrización para el potencial COMB, aplicados a sistemas compuestos por Fluoruro de Hierro y Hierro metálico (FeF2/Fe). El potencial empírico toma en cuenta los efectos de la transferencia de carga y las interacciones de muchos cuerpos dependientes del ambiente químico local que experimentan los átomos. El potencial es parametrizado pormedio de propiedades experimentales reportadas y/o calculadas desde primeros principios de las fases estables para Fe y FeF2 como: energía de disociación para moléculas de Fluor neutra F2 e ionizada F2−1, parámetros de red para el estado fundamental Fe y FeF2 y constantes elásticas. Esta parametrización es probada con simulaciones de dinámica molecular sobre estructuras macroscópicas cristalinas, superficies, nanopartículas y agregados atómicos. Principalmente se realiza un detallado estudio de la interfaz de FeF2/Fe, mostrando que existe difusión atómica desde el material antiferromagnético (FeF2) hacia el material ferromagnético (Fe). El tamaño de la interfaz obtenida es de 1.4 nm y se observa una fase amorfa que es activada por el proceso de disminución de la temperatura desde 1500K hasta 10K.
Individual breast dosimetry for mammographic exams : a back-projection approach
(2017) Rioseco Mora, Camila Belén; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Dörner Yaksic, Edgardo Andrés; Häring, Peter; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
The aim of this project is to propose and validate a procedure for estimating a dose at the axial plane of the breast in patients under mammographic exposure by means of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) dosimetry. In vivo transit dosimetry consists of measuring the transmitted radiation through the breast with an EPID, and then back-projecting the fluence through the same volume in order to reconstruct the dose at a certain plane. The methodology relies on the fact that from individual beam attenuation information, is possible to estimate dose deposition in the mammary gland. Beam attenuation was calculated from the exit and entrance fluence. Monte Carlo simulation of the entrance fluence was computed for three beam qualities. Exit fluence is calculated for each case, by deconvolution of the EPID image with previously determined composite kernel. A complete model (i.e., X-ray tube, breast compression paddle, different breast thickness and detector) of the GE Senograph Essential with Tomosynthesis device, was simulated with EGSnrc. Specific codes as BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc were used for beam and detector simulations, respectively. Three different beam qualities were simulated (only for 2D conventional mammography image acquisition) and additionally, and in-house graphical user interphase MATLAB1 program “BreDose” was designed to estimate doses at an axial mid-plane of the breast from the EPID images.
Evaluación dosimétrica de tratamientos con Leksell gamma knife en presencia de inhomogeneidades
(2018) Elgueda Farías, Susan Pamela; Caprile Etchart, Paola F.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Contrasting neutron star heating mechanisms with Hubble Space Telescope observations
(2018) Rodríguez Tapia, Luis; Reisenegger, Andreas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
Si las estrellas de neutrones se enfriaran pasivamente, se esperaría que se vuelvan indetectables en un tiempo menor a 107 años, al alcanzar bajas temperaturas T < 104 K. Sin embargo, radiación del tipo ultravioleta, que implica temperaturas superficiales T ∼ 105 K, fue detectada desde los pulsares de Giga años PSR J0437- 4715 y PSR J2124-3358 y también desde el pulsar B0950+08 cuya edad es ∼ 107 años. Esta discrepancia puede ser explicada por un grupo de mecanismos de calentamiento propuestos en la literatura. Usando el código de Petrovich y Reisenegger se calcularon curvas de evolución térmica considerando diferentes mecanismos de calentamiento. Estas fueron contrastadas con las temperaturas inferidas a partir de las observaciones de los pulsares para determinar cuál es la principal fuente de emisión térmica de las estrellas de neutrones. Encontramos que el calentamiento rotoquímico, reacciones nucleares en las capas profundas de la corteza y el calor liberado por la fricción de vórtices superfluidos pueden mantener la estrella lo suficientemente caliente más allá del tiempo estándar de enfriamiento pasivo y explicar las observaciones.Si las estrellas de neutrones se enfriaran pasivamente, se esperaría que se vuelvan indetectables en un tiempo menor a 107 años, al alcanzar bajas temperaturas T < 104 K. Sin embargo, radiación del tipo ultravioleta, que implica temperaturas superficiales T ∼ 105 K, fue detectada desde los pulsares de Giga años PSR J0437- 4715 y PSR J2124-3358 y también desde el pulsar B0950+08 cuya edad es ∼ 107 años. Esta discrepancia puede ser explicada por un grupo de mecanismos de calentamiento propuestos en la literatura. Usando el código de Petrovich y Reisenegger se calcularon curvas de evolución térmica considerando diferentes mecanismos de calentamiento. Estas fueron contrastadas con las temperaturas inferidas a partir de las observaciones de los pulsares para determinar cuál es la principal fuente de emisión térmica de las estrellas de neutrones. Encontramos que el calentamiento rotoquímico, reacciones nucleares en las capas profundas de la corteza y el calor liberado por la fricción de vórtices superfluidos pueden mantener la estrella lo suficientemente caliente más allá del tiempo estándar de enfriamiento pasivo y explicar las observaciones.
Desarrollo e implementación de un sistema de auditoría para dosimetría absoluta con alanina y TLD en centros de radioterapia chilenos
(2018) Faúndez Cifuentes, Daniel; Gago Arias, Araceli; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Evaluación de algoritmos comerciales de cálculo de dosis absorbida de fotones en regiones fuera del campo de tratamiento
(2018) Medina Ascanio, Karem Nathalie; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Los algoritmos presentes en los Sistemas de Planificación están optimizados para entregar una dosis veraz y precisa dentro de los límites del campo de tratamiento. Fuera de este, se ha demostrado una inexactitud que depende del algoritmo particular. Este estudio analiza, por medio de medidas experimentales, la exactitud de la dosis fuera del campo de dos algoritmos semianalíticos, Pencil Beam Convolution y Collapsed Cone Convolution, implementados en dos Sistemas de Planificación comerciales EclipseTM (Varian Medical System) y Monaco® (Elekta) respectivamente, así como también, el algoritmo de cálculo de dosis basado en métodos de Monte Carlo implementado en Monaco®. Tanto los cálculos con los Sistemas de Planificación, como las determinaciones experimentales de las dosis se realizaron en medios homogéneos (agua) para diferentes configuraciones de campos convencionales y para una distribución de dosis de un plan real de IMRT de próstata. Las determinaciones experimentales se llevaron a cabo con TLDs-100, películas radiocrómicas EBT3 ycámara de ionización Semiflex. Los resultados obtenidos al comparar perfiles dedosis laterales de campos abiertos calculados por los algoritmos respecto a los medidos experimentalmente muestran que, a partir del 9% de la dosis los cálculos realizados por el algoritmo Pencil Beam subestiman la dosis real en un promedio de 53%. Mientras que, se obtuvo un buen acuerdo con los cálculos realizados por el algoritmo Collapsed Cone, con una desviación local promedio de aproximadamente 2,5%. En el caso del algoritmo Monte Carlo, de los resultados obtenidos no se puede inferir ninguna conclusión ya que cálculos de este tipo (conformados) donde se logra la dosis deseada con una incertidumbre de 1% en un punto (generalmente el isocentro), emplean pocas partículas para lograr dicha incertidumbre y, por lo tanto, el ruido estadístico se hace significativo. Con respecto al desempeño de los algoritmos Pencil Beam y Monte Carlo en el caso de un plan clínico de irradiación de próstata en relación a la medida experimental con EBT3, al hacer un análisis gamma local (3% - 3 mm) ambos algoritmos fallaron en regiones de dosis bajas (> 5%), siendo el algoritmo MC el que obtuvo la mayor cantidad de puntos que no pasaron el criterio gamma, mientras que, Pencil Beam fue el que arrojo mayor imprecisión en regiones de dosis altas (para lo cual es análisis gamma fue global, respecto al máximo).
Predictors for radiation-induced xerostomia and their reliability considering random setup errors and parotid gland migration
(2018) Astaburuaga García, Rosario; Bangert, Mark; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Deviations of the leptonic branching ratios of the heavy Higgs in the MSSM with broken R-parity
(2018) Méndez Leiva, Andrés; Díaz, Marco A.; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
We performed a phenomenological study of the leptonic decay modes of a heavy Higgs in a supersymmetric scenario which we called the ϵλ-MSSM, in which we added ϵ-bilinear and λ-trilinear terms to break R-parity explicitly, constrained by the most recent neutrino experimental data. In particular, we explored the possibilityof decreasing the coupling associated to the τ τ mode, in order to reduce the large number of events predicted by other typical R-parity conserving (RpC) models to justify the non-observation of any heavy scalar resonance, while opening regions of the parameter space which were previously excluded. We also study the possibility of enhancing the µµ mode due to its importance in future experimental searches. We found that even with a loose cosmological bound given by the sum of the neutrino masses, the deviations for the τ τ mode are smaller than a 1%, while for the µµ mode it can be up to 50%. However, once we constrained our parameters to reproduce the most recent neutrino observables associated with neutrino oscillation, we found that the deviations attained in each mode are extremely small, leading to deviations of ∼ 0.0001% for the µµ mode and ∼ 0.0000000001% for the τ τ model, making the ϵλ-MSSM indistinguishable from the RpC-MSSM case in the leptonic channels.
Feasibility study : use of cine-MRI in MR-guided particle therapy
(2018) Sepúlveda Muñoz, César; Pfaffenberger, Asja; Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Cinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (cine-MRI) are fast time-resolved 2D MRI sequences that allow online visualization of organ motion without exposing patients to ionizing radiation. In this study, the potential of cine-MRI for the definition of animage-based gating criterion in particle therapy of pancreatic cancer is investigated. Transversal cine-MRI are employed to segment the pancreas, since they can provide information on tissue changes in the beam-path during delivery. Volunteer data were acquired on 10 different acquisition days. An image-based gating window was defined based on the breathing-curve (BC) of the first day (end-exhale breathing phase ±30%). The superposition of the pancreas segmentations in this window was calculated. For other days of data acquisition, the agreement with this initial superposition contour was evaluated by using different segmentation image similarity metrics. Additionally, a motion analysis of the pancreas was performed. From the metrics comparisons, a gating criterion was defined to establish when irradiation can be allowed. An evaluation of the dosimetric differences due to differences in the segmentations achieving the criterion and the spatial location of the organs was carried out for a proton treatment. Although the method applied was subjected to several limitations, it was proved to be feasible.
Atomic force microscopy study of elastic properties of vapor-phase-deposited lipid membranes
(2018) Catalán López, Rodrigo Esteban; Volkmann, Ulrich; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
In this work we present a study of phase transitions and their relation with the elastic properties of three phospholipid membranes, namely 1,2-dimyristoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC). Samples were generated individually by physical-vapor-deposition of the lipid molecules mentioned over acid-cleaned polished silicon chips. The thickness of the samples were measured with Very High Resolution Ellipsometry. Average thickness are 60˚Athickness on average. The molecular consistency of the lipids were characterized using Raman spectroscopy. The Young’s modulus of the lipid membranes was obtained applying the Hertz model to data acquired with Atomic Force Microscopy in Quantitative Imaging feedback mode. Finally, the individual dependence of these lipids respect to temperature changes was used to detect the main gel-to fluid phase transition.The results in the present work show an expected softening of the lipid membranes just after the main phase transition, although the values of the elastic modulus found do not match the ones reported in the literature. However, the general trends correlate well with the ones found in other works. Nevertheless,systematic investigations using similar conditions as ours are still scarce.The acquisition of information related to the elastic properties and stability of the membranes is relevant for future works on protein insertion, and to understand the lipid membranes dependance on several other environmental conditions like changes in temperature, pH-dependence or ionic strength concentration.
Quantum sensing using NV centers in diamond
(2018) González Brouwer, Raúl, Manuel; Maze Ríos, Jerónimo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
This thesis is focused on understanding the interaction of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with its environment as well as its applications in nanotechnology and biophysics. First, we study the hyperfine interaction due to nearby 13C carbon and 15N nitrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC), we propose an experimental method at room temperature free of microwave, in which it is possible to find the sign of the Fermi contact term, using the coupling between nuclear spins 1/2 and electronic spin 1. For this, a three-dimensional coil system was constructed to study the fluorescence close to the LAC. Second we describe an experiment in order to use the NV center as a sensor for chemical reactions, in specific to measure the pH and relate it’s macroscopic measurement with experiments like Ramsey interferometry and change in the spectrum, in order to observe changes on the charge state and T∗2 . Finally, we show a way to functionalize a nanodiamond hosting a NV defect, and use it as a biomarker for amyloid β, an Alzheimer desease related compound. We show that using this functionalized nanodiamonds might enable the development of longer experiments in biophysics due to the photostability of the NV defect compared to regular biomarkers that are widely used in biology. This works paves the way for performing unltrasensitive and reliable detection of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer desease.This thesis is focused on understanding the interaction of nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect in diamond with its environment as well as its applications in nanotechnology and biophysics. First, we study the hyperfine interaction due to nearby 13C carbon and 15N nitrogen isotopes in the vicinity of the Level Anti-Crossing (LAC), we propose an experimental method at room temperature free of microwave, in which it is possible to find the sign of the Fermi contact term, using the coupling between nuclear spins 1/2 and electronic spin 1. For this, a three-dimensional coil system was constructed to study the fluorescence close to the LAC. Second we describe an experiment in order to use the NV center as a sensor for chemical reactions, in specific to measure the pH and relate it’s macroscopic measurement with experiments like Ramsey interferometry and change in the spectrum, in order to observe changes on the charge state and T∗2 . Finally, we show a way to functionalize a nanodiamond hosting a NV defect, and use it as a biomarker for amyloid β, an Alzheimer desease related compound. We show that using this functionalized nanodiamonds might enable the development of longer experiments in biophysics due to the photostability of the NV defect compared to regular biomarkers that are widely used in biology. This works paves the way for performing unltrasensitive and reliable detection of cells involved in the pathogenesis of the Alzheimer desease.
Black holes in scale-dependent frameworks.
(2019) Rincón, Ángel; Koch, Benjamin; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
In the present thesis, we investigate the scale–dependence of some well known black hole solutions in 2+1 dimensions at the level of the effective action in the presence of a cosmological constant or an electrical source. We promote the classical parameters of the theory, {G0,(· · ·)0}, to scale–dependent couplings, {Gk,(· · ·)k} and then we solve the corresponding effective Einstein field equations. To close the system of equations we impose the null energy condition. This last condition (valid in arbitrary dimension) provides a differential equation which, after solving it, allows to obtain in a simple way the specific form of the gravitational coupling. Furthermore, perfect-fluid like parameters are induced via the scale-dependent gravitational coupling. Finally, to exemplify the effect of the running of the couplings on the properties of the scale-dependent black hole solutions, we show a few concrete examples.In the present thesis, we investigate the scale–dependence of some well known black hole solutions in 2+1 dimensions at the level of the effective action in the presence of a cosmological constant or an electrical source. We promote the classical parameters of the theory, {G0,(· · ·)0}, to scale–dependent couplings, {Gk,(· · ·)k} and then we solve the corresponding effective Einstein field equations. To close the system of equations we impose the null energy condition. This last condition (valid in arbitrary dimension) provides a differential equation which, after solving it, allows to obtain in a simple way the specific form of the gravitational coupling. Furthermore, perfect-fluid like parameters are induced via the scale-dependent gravitational coupling. Finally, to exemplify the effect of the running of the couplings on the properties of the scale-dependent black hole solutions, we show a few concrete examples.In the present thesis, we investigate the scale–dependence of some well known black hole solutions in 2+1 dimensions at the level of the effective action in the presence of a cosmological constant or an electrical source. We promote the classical parameters of the theory, {G0,(· · ·)0}, to scale–dependent couplings, {Gk,(· · ·)k} and then we solve the corresponding effective Einstein field equations. To close the system of equations we impose the null energy condition. This last condition (valid in arbitrary dimension) provides a differential equation which, after solving it, allows to obtain in a simple way the specific form of the gravitational coupling. Furthermore, perfect-fluid like parameters are induced via the scale-dependent gravitational coupling. Finally, to exemplify the effect of the running of the couplings on the properties of the scale-dependent black hole solutions, we show a few concrete examples.In the present thesis, we investigate the scale–dependence of some well known black hole solutions in 2+1 dimensions at the level of the effective action in the presence of a cosmological constant or an electrical source. We promote the classical parameters of the theory, {G0,(· · ·)0}, to scale–dependent couplings, {Gk,(· · ·)k} and then we solve the corresponding effective Einstein field equations. To close the system of equations we impose the null energy condition. This last condition (valid in arbitrary dimension) provides a differential equation which, after solving it, allows to obtain in a simple way the specific form of the gravitational coupling. Furthermore, perfect-fluid like parameters are induced via the scale-dependent gravitational coupling. Finally, to exemplify the effect of the running of the couplings on the properties of the scale-dependent black hole solutions, we show a few concrete examples.
Wilson loops beyond the planar limit in the ADS/CFT correspondence.
(2019) Canazas Garay, Anthonny Freddy; Koch, Benjamin; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
Motivated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, the vacuum expectation values of 1/2-BPS circular Wilson loops in N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory are considered. Localization and matrix model techniques provide exact, but rather formal, expressions for these expectation values. In this thesis, the leading and sub-leading behavior in a 1/N expansion with fixed ’t Hooft coupling, and then in the holographic regime, are extracted starting from these exact results. This is done by exploiting the relation between the generating function of antisymmetric Wilson loops and a finite-dimensional quantum system known as the truncated harmonic oscillator. The generating functions for the Wilson loops in the symmetric and antisymmetric representations of the gauge group U(N) are expressed in terms of the connected correlators of multiply-wound Wilson loops, which have a 1/N2 genus expansion, using ingredients from the representation theory of the symmetric group. Interesting conclusions on the gravity side of the correspondence are provided.
Effective hamiltonians of the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond under external perturbations
(2019) Jiménez, Alejandro; Maze Ríos, Jerónimo; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Facultad de Física
In this thesis, we present a procedure that encompasses the effect of all higher states in the system of the NV Center to formulate a non-diagonal effective Hamiltonian of a particular sub Hilbert space. In this case, the ground state triplet of the center. We start by using group theory to describe the different states of the system in terms of the center symmetrize orbitals. Then we proceed to describe the different interactions in the defect such as the Coulomb interaction, spin orbit interaction, spin-spin interaction, electromagnetic field interaction and strain interaction. An effective Hamiltonian of the ground state is obtained that considers the effect of higher exited states. Finally, we compare the results with recent experimental data.
Properties of four-component Dirac operators describing graphene quantum dots
(2020) Vallejos Benavides, Cristóbal; Benguria Donoso, Rafael; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
The electronic properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) can be described by the two-dimensional Dirac equation with boundary conditions consistent with the tight-binding model on a honeycomb lattice. It is convenient to know which boundary conditions are allowed by elemental physical principles of current conservation. We consider the four-component two-valley massless Dirac operator on planar domains describing GQDs. We show how to reduce the problem into the study of the two-component Dirac operator. For a large class of boundary conditions, not including the zigzag orientation, we give a proof of their self-adjointness for four-component spinor wave functions in the Sobolev space H¹. In particular, in each case, we find a lower bound to the spectral gap around zero, proportional to the inverse of the square root of the area of the domain and depending only in the mixing angle. We also discuss the boundary conditions conserving (breaking) the electron-hole and time reversal symmetries.
Thermodynamics of graviton condensate and the Kiselev black hole
(2020) Mancilla Pérez, Robinson Humberto; Alfaro Solís, Jorge Luis; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.In this thesis, we will present the thermodynamic study of a model that considers the black hole as a condensation of gravitons (55) (56). We will obtain a correction to the Hawking temperature and a negative pressure for a black hole of mass M. In this way, the graviton condensate, which is assumed to be at the critical point defined by the condition µch=0, will have well-defined thermodynamic quantities P, V , Th, S, and U as any other Bose-Einstein condensate. We will also discuss the Kiselev black hole, which has the capacity to parametrize the most well-known spherically symmetric black holes. We will show that this is true, even at the thermodynamic level. Finally, we will present a new metric, which we will call the BEC-Kiselev black hole, that will allow us to extend the graviton condensate to the case of solutions with different types of the energy-momentum tensor.
Magneto-thermal evolution of neutron star cores in the “strong-coupling regime”
(2020) Moraga Vent, Nicolás Andrés; Reisenegger, Andreas; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
In this thesis we study a young neutron star, with internal temperatures T >10^9 K, where the particles in the core are strongly coupled by collisional forces and can convert into each other by beta decays, in the so called ``strong-coupling regime``. At this stage, the magnetic field induces small fluid displacements, changing the local chemical composition and generating pressure gradient forces, which tend to be erased by beta decays. Depending on the strength of the chemical departure, this reactions can lead to a non-trivial thermal evolution as a consequence of the magnetic feedback. This mechanism converts magneticto thermal energy and could explain the high surface luminosity of magnetars (highly magnetize neutron stars). In this thesis, we present the first long-term magneto-thermal simulation of a neutron star core in this regime. We concluded that, for internal magnetic field strength field B > 10^16 G, the possibility of a magnetic feedback due to the chemical departure is not possible because it would occur when the ambipolar heating (friction between charged particles and neutrons) is more likely to heat the core.
A technique for natural gauge boson masses
(2020) Laporte, Cristóbal; Koch, Benjamin; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
In this work, a novel mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking is presented. This mechanism allows to avoid quadratic divergencies and is thus capable of addressing the hierarchy problem in gauge theories. Using the scale-dependent effective action Γk minimally coupled to a gravitational sector, variational parameter setting provides a mass and vacuum expectation value as a function of the constants arising in the low scale expansion of Newtons’ and cosmological couplings. A comparison with experimental data, such as the Higgs mass, allows putting restrictions on these constants. This generic approach allows comparing with explicit candidates for an effective field theory of gravity. As an example, we use the asymptotic safety scenario, where we find restrictions on the matter content of the theory.In this work, a novel mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking is presented. This mechanism allows to avoid quadratic divergencies and is thus capable of addressing the hierarchy problem in gauge theories. Using the scale-dependent effective action Γk minimally coupled to a gravitational sector, variational parameter setting provides a mass and vacuum expectation value as a function of the constants arising in the low scale expansion of Newtons’ and cosmological couplings. A comparison with experimental data, such as the Higgs mass, allows putting restrictions on these constants. This generic approach allows comparing with explicit candidates for an effective field theory of gravity. As an example, we use the asymptotic safety scenario, where we find restrictions on the matter content of the theory.In this work, a novel mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking is presented. This mechanism allows to avoid quadratic divergencies and is thus capable of addressing the hierarchy problem in gauge theories. Using the scale-dependent effective action Γk minimally coupled to a gravitational sector, variational parameter setting provides a mass and vacuum expectation value as a function of the constants arising in the low scale expansion of Newtons’ and cosmological couplings. A comparison with experimental data, such as the Higgs mass, allows putting restrictions on these constants. This generic approach allows comparing with explicit candidates for an effective field theory of gravity. As an example, we use the asymptotic safety scenario, where we find restrictions on the matter content of the theory.In this work, a novel mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking is presented. This mechanism allows to avoid quadratic divergencies and is thus capable of addressing the hierarchy problem in gauge theories. Using the scale-dependent effective action Γk minimally coupled to a gravitational sector, variational parameter setting provides a mass and vacuum expectation value as a function of the constants arising in the low scale expansion of Newtons’ and cosmological couplings. A comparison with experimental data, such as the Higgs mass, allows putting restrictions on these constants. This generic approach allows comparing with explicit candidates for an effective field theory of gravity. As an example, we use the asymptotic safety scenario, where we find restrictions on the matter content of the theory.
Simulación Particle-In-Cell con funcionamiento en paralelo para el estudio de una descarga CCRF de argón
(2021) Ibacache González, Sebastián Daniel; Bhuyan, Heman; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Física
Se desarrolló una simulación Particle-In-Cell (PIC) con funcionamiento en paralelo a partir de una simulación PIC existente (eduPIC), desarrollada por el equipo de Donko et al. permitiendo dividir el trabajo en 24 procesadores. Las simulaciones utilizaron un ancho de celdas ∆x =9.3 10−5m y ∆t =6.1·10−12, mostrando que son parámetros apropiados para los valores de la longitud de Debye (λDe) y la frecuencia de oscilación de los electrones en un plasma (ωpe) aseguran el cumplimiento de las restricciones para el funcionamiento de las simulaciones PIC. Los resultados de la simulación PIC desarrollada mostraron un comportamiento semejante al de la simulación eduPIC original en una descarga Radio Frecuencia Capacitivamente Acoplada (CCRF) operada en 5 Pa de argón a 375 V. Luego la simulación desarrollada fue utilizada para caracterizar una descarga de CCRF de argón operada a 500 V entre las presiones de 1 y 45 Pa, mostrando densidades entre 0.47 y 1.87 ·1016m−3 en el centro de la descarga y temperaturas en el rango de 2.7 y 1.83 eV obtenidas para las presiones de 1 y 25 Pa, respectivamente. Los resultados de evolución de la densidad de electrones, el campo eléctrico promedio, la taza de ionización fueron vitales para poder entender el funcionamiento de la descarga CCRF de argón. Además, permitieron comprender de mejor manera los resultados experimentales obtenidos en las descargas CCRF de nitróeno operada en configuración simple y dual.

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