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2 Golden rats and sick empires: portraying medicine, poverty, and the bubonic plague in La Peste
(Manchester University Press, 2022) Ragas Rojas, José Frank; Palma Maturana, Patricia Nataly; González Donoso, Guillermo Adrián
With a ten-million-euro budget and 400 extras on set, La Peste (The Plague) – a ten-episode TV show produced by Spanish communication conglomerate Movistar and aired in January 2018 – became not only the most ambitious production in Spanish television history but also an overnight sensation among viewers and critics. This chapter examines how La Peste combines historical accuracy and fiction to portray the role of medicine, health agents, and population around a late sixteenth-century epidemic outbreak. Its release coincided with the centennial of the Spanish flu that killed twenty to fifty million people around the globe. In placing the epidemic at the core of the narrative, the show unveils the multiple yet contradictory ways people from various social groups and backgrounds reacted to the pandemic: either to save their own lives, procure a cure for others, or to take advantage of the crisis. The chapter highlights what makes La Peste a relevant case to study. As part of its marketing campaign, the production team deliberately sought to trespass the screen and insert the narrative into people’s daily lives. This team designed in advance of the TV series an interactive website with digital resources on the history of medicine and historical sites. Furthermore, in the days prior to the launch, several golden rats appeared in the streets of Seville to announce the show. While some viewers expressed their discomfort with the crude scenes depicting poor living conditions, others engaged with the campaign. As a result of this, La Peste constitutes a fascinating example of the possibilities offered by TV shows as vehicles for disseminating historical medical knowledge to a vast audience.
A Family of Discrete Kernels for Presmoothing Test Score Distributions
(Springer, 2024) González Burgos, Jorge Andrés; Wiberg Roll, Marie; CEDEUS (Chile)
In the fields of educational measurement and testing, score distributions are often estimated by the sample relative frequency distribution. As many score distributions are discrete and may have irregularities, it has been common practice to use presmoothing techniques to correct for such irregularities of the score distributions. A common way to conduct presmoothing has been to use log-linear models. In this chapter, we introduce a novel class of discrete kernels that can effectively estimate the probability mass function of scores, providing a presmoothing solution. The chapter includes an empirical illustration demonstrating that the proposed discrete kernel estimates perform as well as or better than the existing methods like log-linear models in presmoothing score distributions. The practical implications of this finding are discussed, highlighting the potential benefits of using discrete kernels in educational measurement contexts. Additionally, the chapter identifies several areas for further research, indicating opportunities for advancing the field’s methodology and practices.
Acrylamide formation and reduction in fried potatoes
(CRC Press, 2009) Pedreschi Plasencia, Franco
In April 2002, Swedish researchers shocked the food safety world when they presented preliminary ndings of acrylamide in some fried and baked foods, most notably potato chips and French fries, at levels of 30-2300 µm/kg. Reports of the presence of acrylamide in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods have caused worldwide concern because this compound has been classi ed as probably carcinogenic in humans with signi cant toxicological effects namely neurotoxic and mutagenic effects (Rosen and Hellenäs 2002, Tareke et al. 2002).
Age-Dependent Changes in the Activation and Regulation of Microglia
(Springer International Publishing Switzerland, 2016) Von Bernhardi Montgomery, Rommy Edth B.; Cornejo Castillo, Francisca Alejandra
As we age, a large number of physiological and molecular changes affect the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and the organism as a whole. One of the main changes is the establishment of a state of systemic inflammatory activation, which has been termed "inflamm-aging"; a mild chronic inflammation of the aging organism that reduces the ability to generate an efficient response against stressor stimuli. As any other system, the nervous system undergoes these aging-related changes; the neuroinflammatory state depends mainly on the dysregulated activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the principal producers of reactive oxygen species. As the brain ages, microglia acquire a phenotype that is increasingly inflammatory and cytotoxic, generating a hostile environment for neurons. There is mounting evidence that this process facilitates development of neurodegenerative diseases, for which the greatest risk factor is age. In this chapter, we will review key aging-associated changes occurring in the central nervous system, focusing primarily on the changes that occur in aging microglia, the inflammatory and oxidative stressful environment they establish, and their impaired regulation. In addition, we will discuss the effects of aged microglia on neuronal function and their participation in the development of neurodegenerative pathologies such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Alcohol : Psychosocial Effects.
(Elsevier Inc., 2012) Sher, Kenneth J.; Vergés, Álvaro; Winograd, Rachel Pearl
Alcohol use has significant effects on behavior, these can be both acute (e.g., drunken comportment) and chronic (e.g., alcohol-induced depression). However, it is well established that there are large, individual differences in how drinkers react to alcohol. Additionally, different types of drinking contexts tend to elicit different effects and are associated with different harms. Consequently, characterizing the effects of alcohol consumption requires an understanding of the drinker and the drinking context, in addition to the drink (i.e., beverage alcohol) itself.
Analysis of Multidisciplinary Collaboration in Primary Healthcare: The Chilean Case
(2017) Saint-Pierre, Cecilia; Sepúlveda, Marcos; Herskovic, Valeria
Around 10% of the population suffers from diabetes, and this percentage is expected to rise. Healthcare guidelines propose a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach for treatment. However, there is little data to understand whether healthcare professionals are actually collaborating and how this collaboration takes place. We analyzed 4 years of data from 3 healthcare centers in Chile, corresponding to 2,838 patients. Patients were classified according to the composition of the healthcare team into four categories: highly multidisciplinary teams, specialized teams, physician-nurse centered teams, and non-collaborative treatment. Our results show that team prevalence is related to patient and healthcare center characteristics.
Bayesian Nonparametric Approaches for ROC Curve Inference
(2015) Calhau Fernandes, Inacio De Carvalho Vanda; Jara, Alejandro; Bras De Carvalho, Miguel
The development of medical diagnostic tests is of great importance in clinical practice, public health, and medical research. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is a popular tool for evaluating the accuracy of such tests. We review Bayesian nonparametric methods based on Dirichlet process mixtures and the Bayesian bootstrap for ROC curve estimation and regression. The methods are illustrated by means of data concerning diagnosis of lung cancer in women.
Bayesian Nonparametric Biostatistics
(2015) Johnson, Wesley O.; Carvalho, Miguel de
Chapter 5 - Imagination and mind wandering: two sides of the same coin? A brain dynamics perspective
(2020) Villena González, Mario; Cosmelli, Diego; D. Preiss, David; Cosmelli, Diego; Kaufman, James C.
The renewed interest in mind wandering has produced a wealth of knowledge about brain mechanisms underlying the generation of spontaneous thoughts and stimulus-independent cognition. However, how this phenomenon relates to the more classically defined imagination, with which it shares several key phenomenological and psychological features, remains largely unexplored. Here, we discuss whether and how imagination relates to mind wandering and whether they depend on similar brain mechanisms. We pay particular attention to the spontaneous/deliberate contrast in both these phenomena and the importance of considering thought contents, modality, temporality, and emotional valence when studying stimulus-independent cognition. We draw from recent advances in brain connectivity studies to analyze the role that the brain's default mode network (DMN) might have in articulating these two pervasive aspects of human mental life. It appears that such an integrative process is likely to depend on a highly dynamical DMN, one that cannot be reduced simply to a resting state or self-related network. Ultimately, this challenges the idea that mind wandering and imagination are substantially different processes and suggests that it might be worth looking at them as part of the same type of self-generated mental activity.
Chilean native species as source of natural polyphenols
(CABI, 2013) Fredes, Carolina; Montenegro, Gloria; Céspedes, Carlos L.; Sampietro, Diego A.; Sigler, David; Rai, Mahendra
This chapter discusses the traditional uses of native medicinal plants from Chile and provides tabulated data on Chilean medicinal plants, including the parts used and their effects, in order to analyse compounds that could be responsible for these medicinal effects. It presents scientific evidence supporting biological activity associated with the presence of polyphenols in Chilean plants. The determination of polyphenols in Chilean plants and their antioxidant capacity are described. The main factors affecting polyphenol content in plants are also mentioned, i.e. genotype, environment, storage and processing, and stage of harvest.
Clinical assessment of hemodynamic instability
(2019) Bakker, Jan; Pinsky, Michael R.; Teboul, Jean-Louis; Vincent, Jean-Louis
Clinically Correct Report Generation from Chest X-Rays Using Templates
(2021) Pablo Pino; Parra Santander, Denis Alejandro; Cecilia Besa; Claudio Lagos
COVID-19 in Chile: A health crisis amidst a political crisis amidst a social crisis
(Routledge, 2021) Bachmann Cáceres, Ingrid Andrea; Valenzuela, Sebastián; Figueroa Bustos, Arturo Alejandro
Once regarded as the poster child for democratic stability and sound policymaking in Latin America, in the last two decades Chile has experienced increasing levels of mistrust in political institutions and media elites, as well as disenfranchisement. In the wake of the mass protests of October 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic found the Chilean government at record levels of disapproval and with citizens skeptical of messages by authorities and legacy media. Based on data from an online survey and a narrative analysis of public discourse of key government interventions during the first six months of the pandemic, this chapter pays attention to individuals’ perceptions regarding the coronavirus crisis and offers a qualitative assessment of how the government’s handling was addressed in the public sphere. Findings show that Chileans have been skeptical of government measures and critical of officials’ handling of the situation, regardless of their support for the administration. With the news media struggling to hold authorities accountable, the resulting crisis has only deepened the political, economic, and social divisions within Chilean society.
Depression and Personality Dysfunction: Towards the Understanding of Complex Depression
(Springer, 2021) Krause Jacob, Mariane; Behn, Alex
This introductory chapter presents a focused survey of the literature on the interaction between depression and personality, which represents one of the approaches to the issue of complex depression, which is treated from different perspectives throughout this book. Patients who, in addition to a depression, present with personality dysfunction are more than twice as likely to be nonresponders to treatment compared to patients with common, stand-alone depression. Furthermore, personality styles and the level of structural integration of personality are, as well, related to severity and to the response to treatment. For this reason, in order to assess complex depression and to improve treatment, it is important to deepen our understanding of the interaction of depression and personality. We examine this issue from the perspective of functional domains that are differentially affected in depression concurrent with personality dysfunction and specific personality styles, as well as how the co-occurrence of both impacts on the severity of the condition. The chapter outlines the complex and multimodal relationships between depression and personality dysfunction, discussing specific models for the interaction between depression and borderline personality disorder, on one hand, and personality styles and structural personality integration, on the other hand.
Diamond-like Carbon coatings for artificial implants
(Wiley, 2025) Rothammer, Benedict; Marian, Max
This chapter delves into the enhancement of implant performance through diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings, recognized for their exceptional mechanical, chemical, and biocompatible properties, making them ideal for various biomedical applications. The chapter focuses on orthopedic applications, where DLC coatings improve wear resistance and longevity of implants, and promote osteointegration by enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation. In dental implants, DLC coatings boost biocompatibility and reduce infection risk, while also enhancing the durability of orthodontic brackets. This chapter details the requirements for DLC coatings in artificial implants and reviews their use in load bearing and dental implants, respectively. The chapter concludes with a summary of findings and identifies future research challenges, emphasizing the need for translating model-level advancements to component-level applications and addressing the reproducibility issues in dental applications. Overall, DLC coatings show significant potential to improve patient outcomes, reduce revision surgeries, and enhance comfort in both orthopedic and dental medicine.
Drying and preservation of polyphenols
(CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017) Fredes González, Carolina Paz; García, Paula; Robert, Paz; Cuevas-Valenzuela, José et al.
Polyphenol-rich species have long been thought to have considerable health benets mainly due to their total antioxidant activity against cellular oxidation reactions (Bouaziz et al., 2009; Janicsak et al., 2010; Xia et al., 2010). Moreover, cardioprotective (Cale et al., 2010; Xia et al., 2010), antimicrobial (Bouaziz et al., 2009; Xia et al., 2010), anticancer, and anti-inammatory (Xia et al., 2010) properties have also been reported in both animal and in vitro models. These benets have stimulated regular research regarding the phenolic status and antioxidant activity of various plant species and new ecotypes varieties in different countries.
Educar para un estilo más sobrio: un reto del presente
(CELAM, 2024) Guridi Ortúzar, Román Ignacio
Effect of Water Content on Physical Properties of Potato Chips
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Pedreschi Plasencia, Franco; Moyano, Pedro
The objective of this research was to study the effect of violent drying during immer-sion frying on the texture, color, oil content and distribution, and porosity of potatochips. Some potato slices were blanched in hot water at 85°C for 3.5 min and weredeep fried in sunﬂower oil at 120°, 150°, and 180°C. A model based on a variablediffusion coefﬁ cient during the frying process was used to model water loss. Theeffective moisture diffusion coefﬁcient increased with frying time and temperature.Oil uptake was high even for short frying times (high moisture content), suggestingthat oil wetting is an important mechanism of oil uptake during frying. The normalizedmaximum force (MF*) parameter was used in modeling textural changes in the potatoslices during frying in both stages: (a) the initial tissue-softening stage and (b) thelater crust-development process. Higher temperatures accelerated both processes;however, neither the temperature nor the pretreatment had a signiﬁcant effect (P > 0.05)on the ﬁnal texture of the fried potato chips. The potato chip color-difference param-eter (ΔE) tends to increase sharply as the moisture loss increases with frying time.Porosity increased abruptly as result of violent drying during frying of blanched potatoslices at 180 ° C.
Electrical impedance tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome
(2018) Bachmann, María Consuelo; Bugedo Tarraza, Guillermo; Bruhn, Alejandro; Morales, Arturo; Retamal Montes, Jaime; Morais, Caio; Borges, João B.; Costa, Eduardo
Abstract Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a clinical entity that acutely affects the lung parenchyma, and is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and increased pulmonary vascular permeability. Currently, computed tomography (CT) is commonly used for classifying and prognosticating ARDS. However, performing this examination in critically ill patients is complex, due to the need to transfer these patients to the CT room. Fortunately, new technologies have been developed that allow the monitoring of patients at the bedside. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a monitoring tool that allows one to evaluate at the bedside the distribution of pulmonary ventilation continuously, in real time, and which has proven to be useful in optimizing mechanical ventilation parameters in critically ill patients. Several clinical applications of EIT have been developed during the last years and the technique has been generating increasing interest among researchers. However, among clinicians, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the technical principles of EIT and potential applications in ARDS patients. The aim of this review is to present the characteristics, technical concepts, and clinical applications of EIT, which may allow better monitoring of lung function during ARDS.
Elemental concentrations of ambient particles and cause specific mortality in Santiago, Chile: a time series study
(2012) Valdés, Ana.; Cifuentes Lira, Luis Abdón; Zanobetti, Antonella.; Halonen, Jaana I.; Morata, Diego.; Schwartz, Joel.
Abstract Background The health effects of particulate air pollution are widely recognized and there is some evidence that the magnitude of these effects vary by particle component. We studied the effects of ambient fine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 2.5μm, PM2.5) and their components on cause-specific mortality in Santiago, Chile, where particulate pollution is a major public health concern. Methods Air pollution was collected in a residential area in the center of Santiago. Daily mortality counts were obtained from the National Institute of Statistic. The associations between PM2.5 and cause-specific mortality were studied by time series analysis controlling for time trends, day of the week, temperature and relative humidity. We then included an interaction term between PM2.5 and the monthly averages of the mean ratios of individual elements to PM2.5 mass. Results We found significant effects of PM2.5 on all the causes analyzed, with a 1.33% increase (95% CI: 0.87-1.78) in cardiovascular mortality per 10μg/m3 increase in the two days average of PM2.5. We found that zinc was associated with higher cardiovascular mortality. Particles with high content of chromium, copper and sulfur showed stronger associations with respiratory and COPD mortality, while high zinc and sodium content of PM2.5 amplified the association with cerebrovascular disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that PM2.5 with high zinc, chromium, copper, sodium, and sulfur content have stronger associations with mortality than PM2.5 mass alone in Santiago, Chile. The sources of particles containing these elements need to be determined to better control their emissions.

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