Capítulos de libros
Permanent URI for this collection
Browse
Browsing Capítulos de libros by browse.metadata.categoria "Ciencias de la tierra"
Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
Results Per Page
Sort Options
- Item50-years of climate extreme indices trends and inventory of natural disasters in Chilean cities (1965-2015)(Springer, 2019) Henríquez, Cristián; Qüense, Jorge; Villarroel, Claudia; Mallea, Cindy; Henríquez, Cristián; Romero, Hugo
- ItemDefinition and Characterization of Drought(2025) Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Núñez Grahmann, Marialina I.Drought is a multifaceted and unpredictable climate event with profound effects on ecosystems, communities, and economies. This chapter explores the nature of drought, its origins, and provides defnitions tailored to various affected systems. Additionally, it presents related concepts while addressing potential misunderstandings and their consequences. The chapter also introduces statistical properties and indices for identifying and characterizing drought.
- ItemDomestic Uses of Water(Springer, 2021) Molinos Senante, María; Donoso H., GuillermoSince many years ago, Chile has made several efforts and reforms to provide drinking water for domestic uses, and has become a success story and example for urban settings in Latin America. Although the coverage of drinking water supply is almost universal (99.9%) in Chilean cities, in rural areas however the coverage is only 52.3%, and drinking water supply services are managed by local communities through a national program implemented since 1964 by the Ministerio de Obras Públicas, MOP. The legal and institutional framework of the water and sanitation sector in Chile is described for urban and rural areas. Then, the evolution of urban water supply, including coverage, consumption, and its main sources is presented, followed by the evolution of rural water supply. Water supply continuity and the vulnerability to drought are also analysed, as well as the informal rural water supply. Finally, some conclusions about the current situation of the sanitary sector are provided
- ItemFar-field tsunami data assimilation for the 2015 Illapel earthquake(2019) Wang, Y.; Satake, K.; Cienfuegos Carrasco, Rodrigo Alberto; Quiroz, M.; Navarrete Campos, Paula Cristina
- ItemFruit Firmness and Fruit Retention Strength in Raspberry Cultivars in Chile(2002) Bañados Ortiz, Maria Pilar; Zoffoli Guerra, Juan Pablo; Soto, A.; González, J.; Brennan, R. M.; Gordon, S. L.; Williamson, B.Raspberries have a short shelf life, which limits their fresh market potential. Fruit firmness is one of the most important characteristics for a fresh market cultivar, which is related to both the stage of maturity and the variety itself. Fruit retention strength define as the tension force needed to remove the receptacle from the fruit, decreases as fruit mature, and it is also cultivar dependent. The objectives of this work were to evaluate fruit firmness and fruit retention strength in 14 raspberry cultivars in Chile, and also to examine some morphological changes that occur during the fresh-frozen-thaw cycles fruits at the cellular level. To do these fresh berries were harvested at 3 different maturity stages: pink-red, red-ripe and over-ripe (processing ripe). Fruit firmness was measured using a Texture Expert TA-XT2 with a 2 mm embol. Fruit strength was measured with an adaptation of a Dindometer, an instrument that registers the tension force needed to remove the receptacle from the fruit. Electron microscopy was used to examine changes at cellular level between fresh and freeze-thaw berries in three cultivars. We found that in all 14 cultivars fruit firmness decreased with maturity. The largest differences in fruit firmness among cultivars were established at early stages of maturity. The firmest cultivar at pink-red stage was 'Chilliwack' (1.23 N), followed by 'Tulameen' (0.91 N), 'Heritage' (0.73 N) and 'Skeena' (0.68 N). 'Autumn Bliss' was the softest cultivar (0.24 N). Fruit strength also decreased as fruit matured in all 14 cultivars. In this case larger differences among them were also established at pink-red stage. 'Amity' (6.9 N) and 'Fallgold' (6.22 N) required higher amounts of force to remove the receptacle, producing in many cases broken fruits with missing drupelets. 'Yellow Meeker' (1.61 N) and 'Heritage' (2.12 N) had the lowest retention force, and therefore are the easiest cultivars to pick at early stages of maturity. Cellular dehydration was observed in 'Tulameen' after a freeze-thaw cycle. 'Heritage' showed cell dehydration and partial damaged on its epidermis. In 'Amity' a general plasmolysis was observed after a freeze-thaw cycle. Fruit firmness was not necessarily associated with morphological changes of individually quick frozen (IQF) berries. There are probably some physical characteristics of the epidermis of the fruit in the different cultivars that make some cultivars more susceptible to damage during the freeze-thaw process.
- ItemImpacts of Droughts on Water Quality: Processes and Monitoring(Springer, Cham, 2025) Díaz, José A.; Montecinos, Mauricio; Vega, Alejandra; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Molinos, María; Pastén González, Pablo ArturoWater uses may be threatened by hydrochemical shifts that are triggered by droughts. Reduced rainfall, streamflow, and temperature fluctuations may induce distinct changes in salinity, suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, nutrient cycling, pH, stratification, and hydraulic residence times. The extent of these variations is determined by the drought stage, location and altitude within the watershed, and land use. The processes leading to these changes are described and the implications for water quality monitoring and socioeconomic impacts in Chilean Andean watersheds are discussed. A coordinated monitoring approach is needed to further reveal the intricate nexus between changing climatic patterns, drought events, and the ensuing consequences for water quality within Chilean Andean watersheds.
- ItemSalares altiplánicos de Atacama: soportes de ecologías, culturas y economías en territorios de naturaleza extrema(Editorial Instituto Juan De Herrera, 2021) Arizaga Soto, Ana Ximena; Moreno, Osvaldo; Román, EmiliaEl Altiplano de Atacama en el norte de Chile, se caracteriza por la existencia de sistemas hídricos de altura: ríos, lagunas y lagos salinos que sustentan ecosistemas complejos, poco estudiados y de alta relevancia, donde simultáneamente se llevan adelante desarrollos industriales y mineros de alto impacto. En medio de este imponente contexto, subsisten comunidades de pueblos originarios y tradiciones mineras que - basados en sus prácticas de habitabilidad y economía vernáculas - han modelado durante siglos un valioso paisaje cultural. De esta forma, estos paisajes de la sal se constituyen en un recurso estratégico para economías de distinta escala como son el turismo de intereses especiales y la minería, que compiten por el uso y organización del territorio. El artículo plantea una aproximación para la comprensión de las potencialidades de uso de ese territorio, basada en la delimitación de su área de influencia entendida en distintas dimensiones ambientales y socio-económicas; y, su relación con el dimensionamiento de los impactos de la industria extractiva; en miras a dilucidar la aplicabilidad del principio de precaución.
- ItemTable grape (Vitis vinifera L.)(Woodhead, 2011) Zoffoli Guerra, Juan Pablo; Latorre, B. A.Table grapes produce clusters of berries on deciduous woody vines. The berries are simple non-climacteric fleshy fruits. Currently, 'Thompson Seedless', 'Red Globe' and 'Flame Seedless' are the main cultivars worldwide. The growth period lasts for 100 to 120 days after full bloom, and grapes are harvested with 15 to 17% total soluble solids (TSS) and/or a TSS: titratable acidity ratio greater than 20. Several biotic and abiotic factors cause postharvest deterioration of grapes, particularly when grapes are transported to markets involving a journey of 15 to 40 days. The critical factors involved in postharvest handling and management of table grapes are reviewed and discussed in this chapter.
- ItemTowards a Drought Monitoring, Tracking, and Management Platform Based on Quantitative Indices(2025) Gironás, Jorge; Núñez, Marialina; Vicuña, Sebastián; Aedo, Sebastián; Morales, David; Vargas, Javier; Guzmán, Juan de Dios; Suárez, FranciscoDrought is a complex phenomenon that affects the development and use of the country’s water resources. Characterization through indices is critical in planning, management, and decision-making to mitigate the effects of drought, mainly when these are implemented in online platforms for monitoring, warning, and tracking the phenomenon. These tools serve as a basis for implementing a set of measures focused on the short, medium, and long term, oriented to different audiences, and with differentiation of procedures and entities involved depending on the case. This work proposes the technical basis for elaborating preventive drought monitoring in Chile through a visualization platform. Based on a comparative analysis of international tools and the results of a consultation with experts, the relevant characteristics of a system for drought monitoring, follow-up, and management based on standardized drought indexes are analyzed. It is concluded that such a platform should consider multiple drought indices with different levels of severity for their classification. These indices should be automatically calculated using as much information as possible, both from national and international sources, from in-situ gauges as well as from satellite and remote sensing products, and even obtained from modeling. On the other hand, the visualization should be simple, straightforward, and flexible, and the information delivered should provide information on the manifestation of drought in the territory and its short-term forecast.