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Browsing Centros UC by browse.metadata.categoria "Ciencias sociales"

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    A comprehensive perspective of unreliable public transport services' costs
    (2020) Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Soza Parra, Jaime Antonio; Raveau Feliú, Sebastián; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    A congested and dwell time dependent transit corridor assignment model
    (2016) Borja, Alonso; Muñoz Abogabir, Juan Carlos; Ibeas Henríquez, Miguel Ángel; Moura, José, Luis; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    A method for solving the multi-objective transit frequency optimization problem
    (2016) Giesen Encina, Ricardo; Martínez, H.; Mauttone, A.; Urquhart, M.; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    A “landscapes of power” framework for historical political ecology: The production of cultural hegemony in Araucanía-Wallmapu
    (2020) Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; Barton, Jonathan R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
    The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations. The information, practices and views in this article are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG).
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    Accesibilidad de proximidad y envejecimiento demográfico: desafíos para la adaptación de los espacios de la movilidad
    (2024) Vecchio, Giovanni; Cantallopts Creo, David Alonso; CEDEUS (Chile)
    El trabajo examina la relación entre entorno construido y accesibilidad de proximidad, analizando las características de los barrios de Santiago de Chile en donde se concentran los mayores porcentajes de personas mayores. Analizando antigüedad, densidad y tipologías de vivienda, el trabajo identifica ocho categorías de barrios que envejecen, diferentemente distribuidas a lo largo de un anillo que rodea el centro de la ciudad de Santiago. No se evidencia una clara relación entre tipologías de barrios y proximidad, siendo diferentes los patrones de accesibilidad a oportunidades urbanas. Al identificar tipologías prevalentes de barrios que envejecen, los resultados ofrecen indicaciones para adaptar las ciudades para las personas mayores y garantizar condiciones de vida más saludables.
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    Adaptive capacity as local sustainable development: contextualizing and comparing risks and resilience in two chilean regions
    (MDPI, 2021) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Gutiérrez-Antinopai, Felipe Aníbal; Escalona Ulloa, Miguel; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
    Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.
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    Aportes y desafíos del Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA) a la conservación de la biodiversidad en Chile
    (Interuniversity Institute of Geography and University of Alicante, 2019) Henríquez Ruiz, Cristian Gonzalo; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Instituto de Geografía
    Environmental impact assessment systems are preventive management instruments whose main objective is to include environmental considerations in the processes and activities accompanying economic growth in a nation. The influence of these systems in the conservation of biodiversity is fundamental, since within the evaluation process, they enable identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts, as well as defining reparations, compensations, or mitigations. Halting the loss of biodiversity caused by human activities and climate change is a global objective. Chile is also facing this challenge, considering its status of Biodiversity Hotspot, projections associated with climate change, and the outstanding issues that the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA) shows regarding biodiversity conservation. The latest, based on the lack of strategic view when considering issues such as the territorial scope of the environmental impacts generated by the projects, under a systemic and transversal approach. This research analyses the main changes experienced since the creation of SEIA, and compares this system with other evaluation systems used in Latin America. National statistics on investment projects potentially affecting the conservation of biodiversity are given. Two issues are addressed to guide discussion of the operational changes that should be encouraged by the Chilean government, namely: 1) internalising the importance of protecting biodiversity beyond current regulations, and; 2) introducing improvements in environmental legislation that could indirectly lead to improvements in SEIA. The research concludes on the importance of strengthening the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and its integration with the SEIA, in order to encourage better project designs by including sustainability from the beginning.
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    Assessing spatial dynamics of urban growth using an integrated land use model. Application in Santiago Metropolitan Area, 2010-2045
    (2014) Puertas, Olga Lucia; Henríquez, Cristián; Meza, Francisco Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    Assessing the efficiency of Chilean water and sewerage companies accounting for uncertainty
    (2016) Molinos Senante, María; Donoso H., Guillermo; Sala, R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    Assessing the productivity change of water companies in England and Wales : a dynamic metafrontier approach
    (2017) Molinos Senante, María; Maziotis, A.; Sala Garrido, R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    Assessing the quality of service to customers provided by water utilities : a synthetic index approach
    (2017) Molinos Senante, María; Gómez, T.; Caballero, R.; Sala Garrido, R.; CEDEUS (Chile)
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    Assessment of the flood mitigation ecosystem service in a coastal wetland and potential impact of future urban development in Chile
    (2022) Rojas, Octavio; Soto, Evelyn; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; López, J. Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)
    A worldwide increase in flooding due to climate change and population growth in exposed areas is expected, especially in coastal areas; therefore, nature-based solutions (NBS) for risk reduction are necessary to increase the resilience of cities, particularly in developing countries, which usually lack large budgets for structural measures but have natural areas such as wetlands that can be used as NBS. The flood mitigation ecosystem service of a coastal wetland in central Chile was analyzed. Using hydrological and topo-bathymetric data, two flood hazard scenarios were modeled: (i) S1 current and (ii) S2 projected, which was established based on land-use planning instruments and urban projects developed since 1954. Flood hazard maps for different return periods were obtained and indicators related to the mitigation potential of the wetland were calculated. It was proven that urban project development has intensified since 2000, mainly in the form of real estate development, with an increase in occupation of 50%, and the wetland area is projected to be further reduced by around one third, decreasing potential flood mitigation. Thus, for an extreme return period, in this case 500 years, the water volume stored by the wetland would decrease by more than 38% and the flooded area of the wetland by 30%, increasing flooding and vulnerability of the urban area, with various repercussions for surrounding neighborhoods and infrastructure. The number of people and homes affected would increase by around 6% and 8%, respectively, such that the affected land value would reach an additional US$55 million, which would be very detrimental in a city that has seen its natural spaces encroached upon by gray infrastructure. This research reaffirms the need to support the restoration and conservation of coastal wetlands under pressure from urban development in an area with a lack of green infrastructure planning.
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    Calles para el buen vivir: tres casos chilenos
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2023) Sagaris, Lake; Echiburu Altamirano, Tomás; Muñoz, Juan Carlos; Valenzuela, Luis; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Medio siglo de experimentación demuestra la efectividad de algunas estrategias para reconquistar las calles locales, para recuperar su uso para caminar, socializar, jugar. Una revisión global, realizada en el marco de una colaboración con el Transport & Health Science Group (Reino Unido), generó más de 20 estrategias. Rescatamos estos aprendizajes a la luz de tres casos en distintas comunas de Santiago de Chile: La Reina, Renca y Bellavista (Providencia). Internacionalmente, una participación ciudadana deliberante y vinculante se ha demostrado como central, pero también es necesario considerar falencias de la institucionalidad chilena, que identificamos al revisar estas experiencias.
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    Calles y movilidad sustentable en pandemia: experiencias y aprendizajes de cinco ciudades latinoamericanas
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2021) Vecchio, Giovanni; Mora, Rodrigo; Tiznado-Aitken, Ignacio; CEDEUS (Chile)
    La pandemia del COVID-19 abrió una serie de oportunidades para avanzar hacia una movilidad sustentable en América Latina, facilitando la implementación de nuevas intervenciones en las calles. Cinco tomadores de decisiones de ciudades en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, México y Colombia, relatan los cambios urbanos (ciclovías de emergencia, peatonalización de calles, priorización del transporte público, entre otros), y de gobernanza implementados para enfrentar la pandemia.
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    Camino a ciudades sustentables: aportes desde la investigación a las políticas públicas urbanas en Chile
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2018) Vives, Alejandra; Román Castillo, Álvaro Javier; Daher Hechem, Antonio; Bonilla, Carlos; Rojas, Carolina; Matus Madrid, Christian Paulo; Henríquez, Cristián; Escobar Collao, Favio Ignacio Orlando; Link Lazo, Felipe Alejandro; Suárez, Francisco; Jorquera, Héctor; Silva, Hugo; Varas, Ignacio; Rehner, Johannes; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Herrera, Josefina; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; Herrera, Juan Carlos; Muñoz, Juan Carlos; Ortúzar, Juan de Dios; CEDEUS (Chile)
    La desigualdad urbana es parte habitual del paisaje de nuestras ciudades. Producto del funcionamiento del mercado neoliberal, de los procesos de individuación y de la precarización de la vida social, la ciudad se ha visto desafiada en su capacidad de integrar a los grupos más desfavorecidos. La sola acción del mercado es insuficiente para asignar espacios para la integración. Por ello, se hace necesario generar procesos y normativas que aseguren la capacidad de participación e integración a la sociedad de los más desfavorecidos.
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    Children and young people’s unaccompanied mobility: the role of the built and social environments in an unequal Latin American Metropolis
    (2024) Waintrub Santibáñez, Natan; Jones, Peter; Tyler, Nick; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Unaccompanied trips are highly beneficial for children, yet their practice is difficult in unequal Latin American metropoles. This article investigates how the built and social environments influence children and young people’s trips in Santiago de Chile. It does so by reporting the findings of a stated preference questionnaire in which children and young people were invited to choose the preferred environment to walk unaccompanied in between pairs of images illustrating different social and physical attributes. The findings suggest that Santiago’s inequalities are mirrored in the environments through which children and young people prefer to walk unaccompanied. Attributes that enhance the streetscape (e.g., well-kept footpaths, grass), provide recreation and natural surveillance positively affect children’s willingness to make unaccompanied trips in wealthy areas. By contrast, those attributes are less significant for children and young people from other parts of the city, where other features have a greater impact (e.g., strangers drinking alcohol, off-licences, vehicles parked on the footpath). Furthermore, young girls are greatly discouraged from travelling unaccompanied in most circumstances, in both wealthy and not-wealthy areas. Public policies should prioritise non-wealthy neighbourhoods, improve the built environment, and strengthen local communities and local familiarity to create safer spaces that encourage unaccompanied trips.
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    Ciudad y territorio: protección del agua
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2022) Pastén González, Pablo Arturo; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Bonilla Meléndez, Carlos Alberto; Cortés Arancibia, Sandra; Molinos Senante, María; Precht Rorris, Alejandra; Reyes Paecke, Sonia; Rivera, Javier; Vargas Cucurella, Ignacio Tomás; Vega Contreras, Alejandra Soledad; Vicuña Díaz, Sebastián; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Las ciudades necesitan de recursos críticos como agua, suelo, energía, materiales y alimentos. Tienen una capacidad única de impactar y ser impactadas por las características geomorfológicas y culturales de los territorios donde se emplazan, donde ecosistemas coexisten con actividades humanas como minería, pesca y agricultura. Asegurar la sustentabilidad de la ciudad y del territorio en su conjunto impone un desafío formidable a distintos niveles por la complejidad de las relaciones e interacciones que ocurren.El siguiente documento preparado por investigadores del Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable y otros colaboradores, entrega antecedentes relevantes respecto del agua como un elemento crítico para la sustentabilidad de las ciudades, con el objetivo de que sirva de un marco para la discusión constitucional sobre protección de recursos críticos para las ciudades y territorios. Además, puede servir de insumo para también ser consultado por la ciudadanía y sus organizaciones.
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    Ciudades intermedias. Dinámicas de intermediación desde la noción de lugar: el caso de la región de la Araucanía, Chile
    (2018) Salazar Preece, Gonzalo; Fonck, Martín; Vergara Erices, Luis Alejandro; CEDEUS (Chile)
    El trabajo es una contribución al debate de las ciudades intermedias y sus dinámicas de intermediación. Si bien se reconocen como importantes los aspectos centrales de este debate, se cuestiona su tendencia a homogenizar las ciudades intermedias. Por el contrario, se plantea que es necesario comprender las ciudades intermedias desde las practicas socio-espaciales, en donde la definición de lugar asoma como elemental para entender las dinámicas de intermediación y la unicidad de cada una de estas ciudades. El área de estudio es la región de La Araucanía de Chile, específicamente las ciudades de Angol, Victoria y Villarrica. A partir de atributos claves de la condición de lugar propuestos por Massey (2012), se examinan empíricamente prácticas y tensiones socio-espaciales constitutivas de las dinámicas de intermediación. Este acercamiento aporta en una comprensión de las ciudades intermedias y sus respectivos procesos de intermediación de forma más apropiada y poco desarrollado en la literatura especializada