Browsing by Author "Mauro, F."

Now showing 1 - 16 of 16
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    CAPOS: The bulge Cluster APOgee Survey. I. Overview and initial ASPCAP results
    (2021) Geisler, D.; Villanova, S.; O'Connell, J. E.; Cohen, R. E.; Moni Bidin, C.; Fernández-Trincado, J. G.; Muñoz, C.; Minniti, D.; Zoccali, M.; Rojas-Arriagada, A.; Contreras Ramos, R.; Catelan, Márcio; Mauro, F.; Cortés, C.; Ferreira Lopes, C. E.; Arentsen, A.; Starkenburg, E.; Martin, N. F.; Tang, B.; Parisi, C.; Alonso-García, J.; Gran, F.; Cunha, K.; Smith, V.; Majewski, S. R.; Jönsson, H.; García-Hernández, D. A.; Horta, D.; Mészáros, S.; Monaco, L.; Monachesi, A.; Muñoz, R. R.; Brownstein, J.; Beers, T. C.; Lane, R. R.; Barbuy, B.; Sobeck, J.; Henao, L.; González-Díaz, D.; Miranda, R. E.; Reinarz, Y.; Santander, T. A.
    Context. Bulge globular clusters (BGCs) are exceptional tracers of the formation and chemodynamical evolution of this oldest Galactic component. However, until now, observational difficulties have prevented us from taking full advantage of these powerful Galactic archeological tools. Aims: CAPOS, the bulge Cluster APOgee Survey, addresses this key topic by observing a large number of BGCs, most of which have only been poorly studied previously. Even their most basic parameters, such as metallicity, [α/Fe], and radial velocity, are generally very uncertain. We aim to obtain accurate mean values for these parameters, as well as abundances for a number of other elements, and explore multiple populations. In this first paper, we describe the CAPOS project and present initial results for seven BGCs. Methods: CAPOS uses the APOGEE-2S spectrograph observing in the H band to penetrate obscuring dust toward the bulge. For this initial paper, we use abundances derived from ASPCAP, the APOGEE pipeline. Results: We derive mean [Fe/H] values of −0.85 ± 0.04 (Terzan 2), −1.40 ± 0.05 (Terzan 4), −1.20 ± 0.10 (HP 1), −1.40 ± 0.07 (Terzan 9), −1.07 ± 0.09 (Djorg 2), −1.06 ± 0.06 (NGC 6540), and −1.11 ± 0.04 (NGC 6642) from three to ten stars per cluster. We determine mean abundances for eleven other elements plus the mean [α/Fe] and radial velocity. CAPOS clusters significantly increase the sample of well-studied Main Bulge globular clusters (GCs) and also extend them to lower metallicity. We reinforce the finding that Main Bulge and Main Disk GCs, formed in situ, have [Si/Fe] abundances slightly higher than their accreted counterparts at the same metallicity. We investigate multiple populations and find our clusters generally follow the light-element (anti)correlation trends of previous studies of GCs of similar metallicity. We finally explore the abundances of the iron-peak elements Mn and Ni and compare their trends with field populations. Conclusions: CAPOS is proving to be an unprecedented resource for greatly improving our knowledge of the formation and evolution of BGCs and the bulge itself....
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    Deriving metallicities from calcium triplet spectroscopy in combination with near-infrared photometry
    (2014) Mauro, F.; Moni Bidin, Christian; Geisler, D.; Saviane, I.; Da Costa, G.; Gormaz Matamala, A.; Chene, A.; Cohen, R.; Dias, B.; Vásquez Godoy, Sergio Osmán
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    Double horizontal branches in NGC 6440 and NGC 6569 unveiled by the VVV Survey
    (2012) Mauro, F.; Minniti, D.; Catelan, Márcio
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    Estudio infrarrojo de cúmulos inmersos en l = 345°
    (2011) Baume, G.; Feinstein, C.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R.; Chené, A. -N.; Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Bonatto, C.; Bica, E.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Catelan, Márcio; Geisler, D.; Minniti, D.; Lucas, P. W.
    We have studied several embedded star clusters located in the fourth quad- rant of the Galactic plane (l 345 ; b +1.5 ). Data involves photometry and infrared spectroscopy (bands JHK and low dispersion respectively). This analysis has yielded a preliminary estimate of the fundamental param- eters of these objects and the behavior of the interstellar medium in this Galactic direction. FULL TEXT IN SPANISH...
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    Infrared photometry and CaT spectroscopy of globular cluster M 28 (NGC 6626)
    (2021) Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Contreras Ramos, R.; Zoccali, M.; Reinarz, Y.; Moyano, M.; Gonzalez-Diaz, D.; Villanova, S.; Carraro, G.; Borissova, J.; Chene, A-N; Cohen, R. E.; Geisler, D.; Kurtev, R.; Minniti, D.
    Context. Recent studies show that the inner Galactic regions host genuine bulge globular clusters, but also halo intruders, complex remnants of primordial building blocks, and objects likely accreted during major merging events.Aims. In this study we focus on the properties of M 28, a very old and massive cluster currently located in the Galactic bulge.Methods. We analysed wide-field infrared photometry collected by the VVV survey, VVV proper motions, and intermediate-resolution spectra in the calcium triplet range for 113 targets in the cluster area.Results. Our results in general confirm previous estimates of the cluster properties available in the literature. We find no evidence of differences in metallicity between cluster stars, setting an upper limit of
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    Investigando cúmulos estelares masivos con el VVV
    (2011) Chené, A. -N.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Borissova, J.; Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Bonatto, C.; Kurtev, R.; Baume, G.; Feinstein, C.; Minniti, D.; Catelan, Márcio; Lucas, P. W.; Geisler, D.
    Preliminary results are presented for the study of infrared data of three mas- sive stellar clusters. Have been combined photometric observations (JHK; VVV project = Vista Variables in the Vía Láctea) and spectroscopic (follow- up) observations of the brightest stars in these clusters. In this way we have been able to refine the values of distance, reddening, age and masses of the involved objects. FULL TEXT IN SPANISH...
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    Investigating potential planetary nebula/cluster pairs
    (2014) Moni Bidin, C.; Majaess, D.; Bonatto, C.; Mauro, F.; Turner, D.; Gieren Waiblinger, Wolfgang Paul; Chené, A.N.; Gormaz-Matamala, A.C.; Borissova, J.; Minniti, D.; Kurtev, R.G.; Carraro, G.; Gieren Waiblinger, Wolfgang Paul; Moni Bidin, C.; Majaess, D.; Bonatto, C.; Mauro, F.; Turner, D.; Geisler, D.; Chené, A.N.; Gormaz-Matamala, A.C.; Borissova, J.; Minniti, D.; Kurtev, R.G.; Carraro, G.; Gieren Waiblinger, Wolfgang Paul
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    New Galactic star cluster candidates discovered in the VVV Survey within 10 degrees around the Galactic center
    (2011) Borissova, J.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Bonatto, C.; Chené, A. -N.; Bica, E.; Kurtev, R.; Barbá, R.; Minniti, D.; Peñaloza, F.; Catelan, Márcio; Lucas, P. W.; Mauro, F.; Moni Bidin, C.; Geisler, D.; Ivanov, V. D.; Baume, G.; Feinstein, C.
    We report the discovery of 57 new infrared open cluster candidates and stel- lar groups in the inner 10 degrees around the Galactic center. The newly dis- covered candidates are found by visual inspection of near infrared images observed under the Vista Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) ESO Large Public Survey. The preliminary analysis shows that approximately 1/3 of them are younger than 10 Myrs....
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    Stromgren and near-infrared photometry of metal-rich bulge globular clusters I. NGC 6528 and its surrounding field
    (2014) Calamida, A.; Bono, G.; Lagioia, E.P.; Milone, A.P.; Fabrizio, M.; Saviane, I.; Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Buonanno, R.; Zoccali, Manuela
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    The Vista Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) ESO Public Survey: Current Status and First Results
    (2011) Catelan, Marcio; Minniti, D.; Lucas, P. W.; Alonso-García, J.; Angeloni, R.; Beamín, J. C.; Bonatto, C.; Borissova, J.; Contreras, C.; Cross, N.; Dékáany, I.; Emerson, J. P.; Eyheramendy, S.; Geisler, D.; González-Solares, E.; Helminiak, K. G.; Hempel, M.; Irwin, M. J.; Ivanov, V. D.; Jordán, A.; Kerins, E.; Kurtev, R.; Mauro, F.; Moni Bidin, C.; Navarrete, C.; Pérez, P.; Pichara, K.; Read, M.; Rejkuba, M.; Saito, R. K.; Sale, S. E.; Toledo, I.
    Vista Variables in the Vía Láctea (VVV) is an ESO Public Survey that is performing a variability survey of the Galactic bulge and part of the inner disk using ESO's Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy (VISTA). The survey covers 520 { deg}^2 of sky area in the ZYJHK_S filters, for a total observing time of 1929 hours, including ∼ 10^9 point sources and an estimated ∼ 10^6 variable stars. Here we describe the current status of the VVV Survey, in addition to a variety of new results based on VVV data, including light curves for variable stars, newly discovered globular clusters, open clusters, and associations. A set of reddening-free indices based on the ZYJHK_S system is also introduced. Finally, we provide an overview of the VVV Templates Project, whose main goal is to derive well-defined light curve templates in the near-IR, for the automated classification of VVV light curves....
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    The VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea extended (VVVX) ESO public survey: Completion of the observations and legacy
    (2024) Saito, R. K.; Hempel, M.; Alonso-Garcia, J.; Lucas, P. W.; Minniti, D.; Alonso, S.; Baravalle, L.; Borissova, J.; Caceres, C.; Chene, A. N.; Cross, N. J. G.; Duplancic, F.; Garro, E. R.; Gomez, M.; Ivanov, V. D.; Kurtev, R.; Luna, A.; Majaess, D.; Navarro, M. G.; Pullen, J. B.; Rejkuba, M.; Sanders, J. L.; Smith, L. C.; Albino, P. H. C.; Alonso, M. V.; Amores, E. B.; Angeloni, R.; Arias, J. I.; Arnaboldi, M.; Barbuy, B.; Bayo, A.; Beamin, J. C.; Bedin, L. R.; Bellini, A.; Benjamin, R. A.; Bica, E.; Bonatto, C. J.; Botan, E.; Braga, V. F.; Brown, D. A.; Cabral, J. B.; Camargo, D.; Garatti, Caratti O. A.; Carballo-Bello, J. A.; Catelan, M.; Chavero, C.; Chijani, M. A.; Claria, J. J.; Coldwell, G. V.; Pena, C. Contreras; Contreras Ramos, R.; Corral-Santana, J. M.; Cortes, C. C.; Cortes-Contreras, M.; Cruz, P.; Daza-Perilla, I. V.; Debattista, V. P.; Dias, B.; Donoso, L.; D'Souza, R.; Emerson, J. P.; Federle, S.; Fermiano, V.; Fernandez, J.; Fernandez-Trincado, J. G.; Ferreira, T.; Ferreira Lopes, C. E.; Firpo, V.; Flores-Quintana, C.; Fraga, L.; Froebrich, D.; Galdeano, D.; Gavignaud, I.; Geisler, D.; Gerhard, O. E.; Gieren, W.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Gramajo, L. V.; Gran, F.; Granitto, P. M.; Griggio, M.; Guo, Z.; Gurovich, S.; Hilker, M.; Jones, H. R. A.; Kammers, R.; Kuhn, M. A.; Kumar, M. S. N.; Kundu, R.; Lares, M.; Libralato, M.; Lima, E.; Maccarone, T. J.; Marchant Cortes, P.; Martin, E. L.; Masetti, N.; Matsunaga, N.; Mauro, F.; McDonald, I.; Mejias, A.; Mesa, V.; Milla-Castro, F. P.; Minniti, J. H.; Moni Bidin, C.; Montenegro, K.; Morris, C.; Motta, V.; Navarete, F.; Navarro Molina, C.; Nikzat, F.; Nilo Castellon, J. L.; Obasi, C.; Ortigoza-Urdaneta, M.; Palma, T.; Parisi, C.; Pena Ramirez, K.; Pereyra, L.; Perez, N.; Petralia, I.; Pichel, A.; Pignata, G.; Ramirez Alegria, S.; Rojas, A. F.; Rojas, D.; Roman-Lopes, A.; Rovero, A. C.; Saroon, S.; Schmidt, E. O.; Schroeder, A. C.; Schultheis, M.; Sgro, M. A.; Solano, E.; Soto, M.; Stecklum, B.; Steeghs, D.; Tamura, M.; Tissera, P.; Valcarce, A. A. R.; Valotto, C. A.; Vasquez, S.; Villalon, C.; Villanova, S.; Vivanco Cadiz, F.; Zelada Bacigalupo, R.; Zijlstra, A.; Zoccali, M.
    Context. The ESO public survey VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) surveyed the inner Galactic bulge and the adjacent southern Galactic disk from 2009-2015. Upon its conclusion, the complementary VVV extended (VVVX) survey has expanded both the temporal as well as spatial coverage of the original VVV area, widening it from 562 to 1700 sq. deg., as well as providing additional epochs in JHKs filters from 2016-2023.
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    The VVV Survey of the Milky Way: first year results
    (2011) Minniti, D.; Clariá, J. J.; Saito, R. K.; Hempel, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Rejkuba, M.; Toledo, I.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Alonso-García, J.; Irwin, M. J.; Gonzalez-Solares, E.; Cross, N.; Ivanov, V. D.; Soto, M.; Dékány, I.; Angeloni, R.; Catelan, Marcio; Amôres, E. B.; Gurovich, S.; Emerson, J. P.; Lewis, J.; Hodgkin, S.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Zoccali, M.; Sale, S. E.; Barbá, R.; Barbuy, B.; Beamin, J. C.; Helminiak, K.; Borissova, J.; Folkes, S. L.; Gamen, R. C.; Geisler, D.; Mauro, F.; Chené, A. -N.; Alonso, M. V.; Gunthardt, G.; Hanson, M.; Kerins, E.; Kurtev, R.; Majaess, D.; Martín, E.; Masetti, N.; Mirabel, I. F.; Monaco, L.; Moni Bidin, C.; Padilla, N.; Rojas, A.; Pietrzynski, G.; Saviane, I.; Valenti, E.; Weidmann, W.; López-Corredoira, M.; Ahumada, A. V.; Aigrain, S.; Arias, J. I.; Bica, E.; Bandyopadhyay, R. M.; Baume, G.; Bedin, L. R.; Bonatto, C.; Bronfman, L.; Carraro, G.; Contreras, C.; Davis, C. J.; de Grijs, R.; Dias, B.; Drew, J. E.; Fariña, C.; Feinstein, C.; Fernández Lajús, E.; Gieren, W.; Goldman, B.; Gosling, A.; Hambly, N. C.; Hoare, M.; Jordán, A.; Kinemuchi, K.; Maccarone, T.; Merlo, D. C.; Mennickent, R. E.; Morelli, L.; Motta, V.; Palma, T.; Popescu, B.; Parisi, M. C.; Parker, Q.; Pignata, G.; Read, M. A.; Ruiz, M. T.; Roman-Lopes, A.; Schreiber, M. R.; Schröder, A. C.; Smith, M.; Sodré, L., Jr.; Stephens, A. W.; Walton, N. A.; Zijlstra, A. A.; Tamura, M.; Tappert, C.; Thompson, M. A.; Vanzi, L.
    The VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) is an ESO public near-IR variability survey that is scanning the Milky Way bulge and an adjacent section of the Galactic mid-plane. The survey will take 1929 hours of observations with the VISTA 4.1-m telescope during five years, covering a billion point sources across an area of 520 sqdeg, including 36 known globular clusters and more than 350 open clusters. The final product will be a deep IR atlas in five passbands (0.9 - 2.5 microns) and a catalogue of more than a million variable point sources....
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    The VVV Survey: New Results (Part I)
    (2014) Minniti, D.; Saito, R. K.; Hempel, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Rejkuba, M.; Toledo, I.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Alonso-García, J.; Irwin, M. J.; Gonzalez-Solares, E.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Lewis, J. R.; Cross, N.; Ivanov, V. D.; Kerins, E.; Emerson, J. P.; Soto, M.; Amôres, E. B.; Gurovich, S.; Dékány, I.; Angeloni, R.; Beamin, J. C.; Catelan, Marcio; Padilla, N.; Zoccali, M.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Geisler, D.; Folkes, S. L.; Sale, S. E.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R.; Ahumada, A. V.; Alonso, M. V.; Adamson, A.; Arias, J. I.; Bandyopadhyay, R. M.; Barbá, R. H.; Barbuy, B.; Baume, G. L.; Bedin, L. R.; Benjamin, R.; Bica, E.; Bonatto, C.; Bronfman, L.; Carraro, G.; Chenè, A. N.; Clariá, J. J.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Contreras, C.; Corvillón, A.; de Grijs, R.; Dias, B.; Drew, J. E.; Fariía, C.; Feinstein, C.; Fernández-Lajús, E.; Gamen, R. C.; Gieren, W.; Goldman, B.; González-Fernández, C.; Grand, R. J. J.; Gunthardt, G.; Hambly, N. C.; Hanson, M. M.; Helminiak, K.; Hoare, M. G.; Huckvale, L.; Jordán, A.; Kinemuchi, K.; Longmore, A.; López-Corredoira, M.; Maccarone, T.; Majaess, D.; Martín, E.; Masetti, N.; Mennickent, R. E.; Mirabel, I. F.; Monaco, L.; Morelli, L.; Motta, V.; Palma, T.; Parisi, M. C.; Parker, Q.; Peñaloza, F.; Pietrzyński, G.; Pignata, G.; Popescu, B.; Read, M. A.; Rojas, A.; Roman-Lopes, A.; Ruiz, M. T.; Saviane, I.; Schreiber, M. R.; Schröder, A. C.; Sharma, S.; Smith, M. D.; Sodré, L.; Stead, J.; Stephens, A. W.; Tamura, M.; Tappert, C.; Thompson, M. A.; Valenti, E.; Vanzi, L.; Walton, N. A.; Weidmann, W.; Zijlstra, A.
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    The VVV Survey: New Results (Part II)
    (2014) Minniti, D.; Saito, R. K.; Hempel, M.; Lucas, P. W.; Rejkuba, M.; Toledo, I.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Alonso-García, J.; Irwin, M. J.; Gonzalez-Solares, E.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Lewis, J. R.; Cross, N.; Ivanov, V. D.; Kerins, E.; Emerson, J. P.; Soto, M.; Amôres, E. B.; Gurovich, S.; Dékány, I.; Angeloni, R.; Beamin, J. C.; Catelan, Marcio; Padilla, N.; Zoccali, M.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Moni Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Geisler, D.; Folkes, S. L.; Sale, S. E.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R.; Ahumada, A. V.; Alonso, M. V.; Adamson, A.; Arias, J. I.; Bandyopadhyay, R. M.; Barbá, R. H.; Barbuy, B.; Baume, G. L.; Bedin, L. R.; Benjamin, R.; Bica, E.; Bonatto, C.; Bronfman, L.; Carraro, G.; Chenè, A. N.; Clariá, J. J.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Contreras, C.; Corvillón, A.; de Grijs, R.; Dias, B.; Drew, J. E.; Fariña, C.; Feinstein, C.; Fernández-Lajús, E.; Gamen, R. C.; Gieren, W.; Goldman, B.; González-Fernández, C.; Grand, R. J. J.; Gunthardt, G.; Hambly, N. C.; Hanson, M. M.; Helminiak, K.; Hoare, M. G.; Huckvale, L.; Jordán, A.; Kinemuchi, K.; Longmore, A.; López-Corredoira, M.; Maccarone, T.; Majaess, D.; Martín, E.; Masetti, N.; Mennickent, R. E.; Mirabel, I. F.; Monaco, L.; Morelli, L.; Motta, V.; Palma, T.; Parisi, M. C.; Parker, Q.; Peñaloza, F.; Pietrzyński, G.; Pignata, G.; Popescu, B.; Read, M. A.; Rojas, A.; Roman-Lopes, A.; Ruiz, M. T.; Saviane, I.; Schreiber, M. R.; Schröder, A. C.; Sharma, S.; Smith, M. D.; Sodré, L.; Stead, J.; Stephens, A. W.; Tamura, M.; Tappert, C.; Thompson, M. A.; Valenti, E.; Vanzi, L.; Walton, N. A.; Weidmann, W.; Zijlstra, A.
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    VVV DR1: The first data release of the Milky Way bulge and southern plane from the near-infrared ESO public survey VISTA variables in the Via Lactea
    (EDP SCIENCES S A, 2012) Saito, R. K.; Hempel, M.; Minniti, D.; Lucas, P. W.; Rejkuba, M.; Toledo, I.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Alonso Garcia, J.; Irwin, M. J.; Gonzalez Solares, E.; Hodgkin, S. T.; Lewis, J. R.; Cross, N.; Ivanov, V. D.; Kerins, E.; Emerson, J. P.; Soto, M.; Amores, E. B.; Gurovich, S.; Dekany, I.; Angeloni, R.; Beamin, J. C.; Catelan, M.; Padilla, N.; Zoccali, M.; Pietrukowicz, P.; Bidin, C. Moni; Mauro, F.; Geisler, D.; Folkes, S. L.; Sale, S. E.; Borissova, J.; Kurtev, R.; Ahumada, A. V.; Alonso, M. V.; Adamson, A.; Arias, J. I.; Bandyopadhyay, R. M.; Barba, R. H.; Barbuy, B.; Baume, G. L.; Bedin, L. R.; Bellini, A.; Benjamin, R.; Bica, E.; Bonatto, C.; Bronfman, L.; Carraro, G.; Chene, A. N.; Claria, J. J.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Contreras, C.; Corvillon, A.; de Grijs, R.; Dias, B.; Drew, J. E.; Farina, C.; Feinstein, C.; Fernandez Lajus, E.; Gamen, R. C.; Gieren, W.; Goldman, B.; Gonzalez Fernandez, C.; Grand, R. J. J.; Gunthardt, G.; Hambly, N. C.; Hanson, M. M.; Helminiak, K. G.; Hoare, M. G.; Huckvale, L.; Jordan, A.; Kinemuchi, K.; Longmore, A.; Lopez Corredoira, M.; Maccarone, T.; Majaess, D.; Martin, E. L.; Masetti, N.; Mennickent, R. E.; Mirabel, I. F.; Monaco, L.; Morelli, L.; Motta, V.; Palma, T.; Parisi, M. C.; Parker, Q.; Penaloza, F.; Pietrzynski, G.; Pignata, G.; Popescu, B.; Read, M. A.; Rojas, A.; Roman Lopes, A.; Ruiz, M. T.; Saviane, I.; Schreiber, M. R.; Schroeder, A. C.; Sharma, S.; Smith, M. D.; Sodre, L., Jr.; Stead, J.; Stephens, A. W.; Tamura, M.; Tappert, C.; Thompson, M. A.; Valenti, E.; Vanzi, L.; Walton, N. A.; Weidmann, W.; Zijlstra, A.
    Context. The ESO public survey VISTA variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) started in 2010. VVV targets 562 sq. deg in the Galactic bulge and an adjacent plane region and is expected to run for about five years.
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    Young Stellar Clusters in the VVV Survey
    (2012) Chené, A. -N.; Borissova, J.; Clarke, J. R. A.; Sale, S. E.; Moni-Bidin, C.; Mauro, F.; Bonatto, C.; Kurtev, R.; Baume, G.; Feinstein, C.; Ivanov, V. D.; Geisler, D.; Catelan, Marcio; Minniti, D.; Lucas, P.; VVV Team
    The large survey “VISTA Variables in the Vía Láctea” (VVV) performs wide field-of-view, unprecedented deep infrared observations of the Galaxy's bulge and an adjacent section of the mid-plane. Our group is currently using this unique database, combined with spectroscopic follow-up, to achieve a homogeneous, statistically significant sample of clusters of different ages, distances and masses, including many candidates newly discovered by us....