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Browsing ANID by Subject "03 Good health and well-being"
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- ItemA simple analytical model for a fast 3D assessment of peripheral photon dose during coplanar isocentric photon radiotherapy(2022) Sánchez Nieto, Beatriz; López Martínez, Ignacio N.; Rodríguez Mongua, José Luis; Espinoza Bornscheuer, Ignacio GuillermoConsidering that cancer survival rates have been growing and that nearly two-thirds of those survivors were exposed to clinical radiation during its treatment, the study of long-term radiation effects, especially secondary cancer induction, has become increasingly important. To correctly assess this risk, knowing the dose to out-of-field organs is essential. As it has been reported, commercial treatment planning systems do not accurately calculate the dose far away from the border of the field; analytical dose estimation models may help this purpose. In this work, the development and validation of a new three-dimensional (3D) analytical model to assess the photon peripheral dose during radiotherapy is presented. It needs only two treatment-specific input parameter values, plus information about the linac-specific leakage, when available. It is easy to use and generates 3D whole-body dose distributions and, particularly, the dose to out-of-field organs (as dose–volume histograms) outside the 5% isodose for any isocentric treatment using coplanar beams [including intensity modulated radiotherapy and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)]. The model was configured with the corresponding Monte Carlo simulation of the peripheral absorbed dose for a 6 MV abdomen treatment on the International Comission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 110 computational phantom. It was then validated with experimental measurements using thermoluminescent dosimeters in the male ATOM anthropomorphic phantom irradiated with a VMAT treatment for prostate cancer. Additionally, its performance was challenged by applying it to a lung radiotherapy treatment very different from the one used for training. The model agreed well with measurements and simulated dose values. A graphical user interface was developed as a first step to making this work more approachable to a daily clinical application.
- ItemA Survey on Deep Learning and Explainability for Automatic Report Generation from Medical Images(2022) Messina, Pablo; Pino, Pablo; Parra Santander, Denis; Soto Arriaza, Álvaro Marcelo; Besa, Cecilia; Uribe Arancibia, Sergio A.; Andía Kohnenkampf, Marcelo Edgardo; Tejos Núñez, Cristián Andrés; Prieto Vásquez, Claudia; Capurro, Daniel
- ItemEating contexts determine the efficacy of nutrient warning labels to promote healthy food choices(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023) Caballero Vivanco, Sara; Moenne Vargas, Cristóbal Matías; Delgado Bravo, Mauricio Antonio; Luarte Rodríguez, Luis Nicolás; Jiménez, Yanireth; Galgani Fuentes, José Eduardo; Perez Leighton, ClaudioIntroduction: Unhealthy food choices increase the risk of obesity and its co-morbidities. Nutrition labels are a public health policy that aims to drive individuals toward healthier food choices. Chile has been an example of this policy, where mandatory nutrient warning labels (NWL) identify processed foods high in calories and critical nutrients. Eating contexts influence individual food choices, but whether eating contexts also influence how NWL alter the decision process and selection during food choice is unknown. Methods: In an online mouse-tracking study, participants prompted to health, typical, or unrestricted eating contexts were instructed to choose between pairs of foods in the presence or absence of NWL. Conflict during choices was analyzed using mouse paths and reaction times. Results: NWL increased conflict during unhealthy food choices and reduced conflict during healthy choices in all contexts. However, the probability that NWL reversed an unhealthy choice was 80% in a healthy, 37% in a typical, and 19% in an unrestricted context. A drift-diffusion model analysis showed the effects of NWL on choice were associated with an increased bias toward healthier foods in the healthy and typical but not in the unrestricted context. Discussion: These data suggest that the efficacy of NWL to drive healthy food choices increases in a healthy eating context, whereas NWL are less effective in typical or unrestricted eating contexts.
- ItemEstudio biomecánico de una prótesis de rodilla mediante simulación utilizando elementos finitos(2023) Cortés Marchetti, Fernanda Javiera; Ramos Grez, Jorge; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de IngenieríaEsta investigación se enfoca en el estudio del comportamiento mecánico de la articulación de la rodilla cuando se reemplaza con una articulación artificial. El objetivo es comprender y determinar qué factores influyen en la adhesión, desplazamiento y concentración de tensiones entre el hueso y la prótesis, con el fin de evitar complicaciones como el aflojamiento. Para lograr esto, se investiga el efecto de diversos parámetros, como el coeficiente de fricción, los materiales de la prótesis utilizados y el peso del paciente, en las características biomecánicas de una prótesis de rodilla. Se realizó una simulación computacional utilizando elementos finitos para evaluar los parámetros mencionados. Se utilizaron diferentes softwares para generar modelos 3D de la articulación tibiofemoral sujeto-específica, a la cual se le asignaron las propiedades ortotrópicas del tejido óseo, e isotrópicas al material de la prótesis. Una vez que se tuvo el modelo de la articulación, se aplicó una fuerza compresiva de 735N y se realizaron varias simulaciones en las que se varió el coeficiente de roce entre 0.08 y 1, se varió el material del componente cojín plástico (PE, MDPE, HDPE y UHMWPE) y se analizó la resistencia mecánica a la fatiga en la interfaz entre el hueso y el implante. Al analizar los resultados obtenidos, se observa que un aumento en el coeficiente de roce puede generar una mayor adhesión a largo plazo en la prótesis, ya que los esfuerzos se reducen, la presión de contacto aumenta y se incrementa el ciclo de vida de la prótesis. En cuanto al material del cojín, el polietileno mostró mejores características, ya que presentaba un menor desplazamiento entre el componente plástico y el componente femoral. No obstante, las diferencias entre los materiales no fueron significativas.
- ItemFlavonoids and triterpenes isolated from Eucryphia cordifolia (Cunoniaceae)(2022) Viteri Espinoza, Rafael Antonio; Giordano Villatoro, Ady; Montenegro Rizzardini, Gloria; Zacconi, Flavia C. M.The phytochemical study of the leaves of Eucryphia cordifolia (Cunoniaceae) allowed for the isolation of six compounds: the triterpenes betulin (1) and 28-acetoxy betulin (3), the steroid β-sitosterol (2), the flavonol quercetrin (4), the flavanonol astilbine (5) and the flavanol catechin (6). The structures of the isolated compounds were clearly assigned through 1D and 2D-NMR, MS studies, and compared to previously described data. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 1–4 and 6 from the genus Eucryphia. The chemotaxonomic importance of the isolated compounds within the family of Cunoniaceae-related plants is discussed.
- ItemHigh prevalence of lupin allergy among patients with peanut allergy: identification of γ-conglutin as majo allergen(American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 2022) Aguilera-Insunza, Raquel; Iturriaga, Carolina; Mariñanco, Angélica; Venegas, Luis; Aravena, Gabriela; Pérez-Mateluna, Guillermo; Baptista-Dias, Nathalia; Borzutzky Schachter, Arturo; Wandersleben, TraudyBackground: Lupin is a protein-rich legume with a growing presence in the food market worldwide. With increased consumption, lupin allergy (LA) reports are also rising. Uncertainties exist on the cross-reactivity between peanut and lupin, the allergenic potential of different lupin species, and sensitization patterns among different populations. Objective: To evaluate the molecular basis of LA and to determine lupin allergens from 3 different species that may be involved in peanut allergy (PA) cross-reactivity. Methods: A total of 43 subjects with PA, those with LA, or controls without food allergy were evaluated with skin prick tests (SPTs) and specific IgEs (sIgEs). Lupin-sensitized subjects were offered a lupin oral food challenge (OFC). Immunoblots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed on sera from lupin-sensitized subjects. Results: In this study, 44% of the PA subjects were confirmed to have LA by OFC. Anaphylaxis was the most frequent manifestation after lupin consumption, with a minimal eliciting dosage of 1 g lupin flour. There was no difference in lupin sIgE or SPT wheal size between lupin-sensitized and confirmed LA subjects or in the severity of symptoms among confirmed LA subjects. Sera from lupin-sensitized subjects uniformly reacted to all 3 different lupin species. Immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed immunoglobulin E binding to a- and g-conglutin in all analyzed sera, whereas a- and b-conglutin recognition was variable. Conclusion: Our findings reveal a high prevalence of LA among PA subjects, emphasizing lupin must be labeled as an allergen in foods. Owing to high variability in lupin-sIgE and lupin-SPT results, LA diagnosis may require OFC. In our population, g-conglutin is the major allergen of lupin
- ItemMechanical characterization of the emphysematous rat lung(2023) Villa Barros, Benjamín; Hurtado Sepúlveda, Daniel; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de IngenieríaLos modelos animales han sido utilizados ampliamente para evaluar el irreversible crecimiento de los espacios aéreos alveolares y comprender la fisiopatología del enfisema. Mientras que la respuesta mecánica pulmonar a estos cambios morfológicos ha sido documentada en la literatura, la caracterización mecánica del tejido enfisematoso ha sido poco investigada hasta la fecha. En este trabajo, estudiamos la respuesta mecánica del tejido y las características morfológicas alveolares de los pulmones a partir de un modelo animal de enfisema inducido por elastasa. Analizamos el comportamiento no lineal del tejido utilizando modelos constitutivos hiperelásticos adecuados a partir de los cuales caracterizamos los parámetros del material. Analizamos más a fondo el efecto de la dosis de elastasa en las propiedades estructurales y materiales y estudiamos su conexión con la compliance respiratoria. En particular, mostramos que si bien la compliance pulmonar en los grupos inducidos por elastasa no difiere del grupo de Control, existen diferencias significativas en el comportamiento mecánico y la morfometría del tejido. Además, nuestros resultados sugieren que durante el desarrollo temprano del enfisema, los parámetros del material tisular son más sensibles al agrandamiento alveolar que a la compliance pulmonar. Nuestros hallazgos resaltan la importancia de evaluar la mecánica tisular en los pulmones enfisematosos, ya que los parámetros materiales pueden representar un indicador prometedor para detectar el inicio de la remodelación del enfisema durante las primeras etapas de la enfermedad.
- ItemSchool environments and obesity: a systematic review of interventions and policies among school-age students in Latin America and the Caribbean(Springer Nature, 2022) Vega Salas, María Jesús; Murray, Claudia; Nunes, Richard; Hidalgo-Arestegui, Alessandra; Curi-Quinto, Katherine; Penny, Mary E.; Cueto, Santiago; Lovegrove, Julie Anne; Sánchez, Alan; Vimaleswaran, Karani SanthanakrishnanBackground: The rapid rise in obesity rates among school children in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) could have a direct impact on the region’s physical and mental health, disability, and mortality. This review presents the available interventions likely to reduce, mitigate and/or prevent obesity among school children in LAC by modifying the food and built environments within and around schools. Methods: Two independent reviewers searched five databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature for peer-reviewed literature published from 1 January 2000 to September 2021; searching and screening prospective studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese. This was followed by data extraction and quality assessment using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2) and the Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I), adopting also the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Due to the heterogeneity of the intervention’s characteristics and obesity-related measurements across studies, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Results: A total of 1342 research papers were screened, and 9 studies were included; 4 in Mexico, and 1 each in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. Four studies reported strategies for modifying food provision; four other targeted the built environment, (modifying school premises and providing materials for physical activity); a final study included both food and built environment intervention components. Overall, two studies reported that the intervention was significantly associated with a lower increase over time in BMI/obesity in the intervention against the control group. The remaining studies were non-significant. Conclusions: Data suggest that school environmental interventions, complementing nutritional and physical education can contribute to reduce incremental childhood obesity trends. However, evidence of the extent to which food and built environment components factor into obesogenic environments, within and around school grounds is inconclusive. Insufficient data hindered any urban/rural comparisons. Further school environmental intervention studies to inform policies for preventing/reducing childhood obesity in LAC are needed.
- ItemShared Components of Worldwide Successful Sexuality Education Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials(2023) Torres Cortés, Betzabé Carolina; Leiva, Loreto; Canenguez, Katia; Olhaberry Huber, Marcia; Méndez Hernández, Emmanuel JoshuaA crucial aspect of human development is sexuality which has implications for health, particularly in adolescence, since unfavorable sexual experiences may result in physical and mental problems. Sexuality education interventions (SEI) are one of the most used actions to promote sexual health in adolescents. Nevertheless, there is variability across their components; therefore, key elements for an effective SEI targeted at adolescents (A-SEI) are not well known. Based on this background, this study aims to identify the shared components of successful A-SEI through a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCT). This study followed the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. A search was conducted in CINAHL, PsycInfo, PubMed, and Web of Science between November and December 2021. A total of 21 studies passed the inclusion test after the review of 8318 reports. A total of 18 A-SEIs were identified in these studies. The components analyzed were the intervention’s approach, dose, type of intervention, theoretical framework, facilitators’ training, and intervention methodology. The results established that components that should be present in the design of an effective A-SEI are behavior change theoretical models, the use of participatory methodology, be targeted at mixed-sex groups, facilitators’ training, and at least ten hours of weekly intervention.
- ItemSocioeconomic status, parental involvement and implications for subjective well-being during the global pandemic of Covid-19(2021) Treviño Villarreal, Juan Ernesto; Miranda Riquelme, Catalina; Hernández Vejar, Macarena; Villalobos D., CristóbalSchool closures prompted by the global outbreak of COVID-19 have impacted children’s subjective well-being. In this context, a growing number of studies has pointed out that the experience of learning at home is an essential factor influencing their subjective well-being, raising the importance of parental involvement in the educational process of their children. This article explores the formal and informal parental practices of home learning during school closures period in 19 countries and their explanatory factors, with the further aim of discussing their implications for children’s subjective well-being. The study uses the International COVID-19 Impact on Parental Engagement Study (ICIPES) database and develops a regression analysis of family, child, and school factors predicting parental involvement in homeschooling. The main findings show that parents’ socioeconomic status is a critical predictor of both formal and informal parental practices. In addition, the results denote the impact of other factors, such as the level of parental confidence with the use of technology and children’s age and gender (in the case of informal activities). Based onthesefindings, the article discusses policy implications to promote parental involvement and children’s subjective well-being.
- ItemThe Human Dermis as a Target of Nanoparticles for Treating Skin Conditions(2023) Salazar Muñoz, Javier Alonso; Carmona, Thais; Zacconi, Flavia C. M.; Venegas Yazigi, Diego; Cabello Verrugio, Claudio; Il Choi, Won; Vilos, CristianSkin has a preventive role against any damage raised by harmful microorganisms and physical and chemical assaults from the external environment that could affect the body’s internal organs. Dermis represents the main section of the skin, and its contribution to skin physiology is critical due to its diverse cellularity, vasculature, and release of molecular mediators involved in the extracellular matrix maintenance and modulation of the immune response. Skin structure and complexity limit the transport of substances, promoting the study of different types of nanoparticles that penetrate the skin layers under different mechanisms intended for skin illness treatments and dermo-cosmetic applications. In this work, we present a detailed morphological description of the dermis in terms of its structures and resident cells. Furthermore, we analyze the role of the dermis in regulating skin homeostasis and its alterations in pathophysiological conditions, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target. Additionally, we describe the use of nanoparticles for skin illness treatments focused on dermis release and promote the use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an integrative strategy for skin treatments.
- ItemUrban Fabrics to Eco-Friendly Blue–Green for Urban Wetland Development(2021) Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Jorquera Guajardo, Felipe Ignacio; CEDEUS (Chile); Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile