Browsing by Author "Yopo Díaz, Martina Irina"

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    Gender inequalities in extended working life: a systematic review of qualitative studies
    (2025) Ortíz Ruíz, Francisca; Cabib Madero, Ignacio Andrés; Biehl Lundberg, Andrés; Budnevich-Portales, Carlos; Cereceda, Trinidad; Ormeño Campos, Juan Pablo Jesús; Yopo Díaz, Martina Irina
    Extended working life (EWL) in old age is an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in aging populations. Gender inequalities constitute one of the most studied aspects of EWL. However, research on this issue has been predominantly quantitative, resulting in limited understanding of the situated meanings and experiences of work in old age for men and women. This article sheds light on the few studies that have explored gender inequalities in EWL qualitatively, systematically reviewing 47 articles. This study includes a meta-analysis of the papers reviewed, discusses the most frequent topics and content addressed by qualitative studies, and introduces a brief overview of the main findings on gender inequalities in the literature. These findings underscore that the literature has mainly been published in countries of the Global North, with data primarily focused on those nations. Additionally, there is an emphasis on research related to the meanings, decisions, policies, and narratives surrounding retirement, while only a limited number of articles have a defined theo­retical framework. Finally, the limited number of comparisons between countries suggests a need for further research from these perspectives. We conclude this systematic review by discussing the main findings, suggest­ing policy implications of our work and identifying gaps that should be addressed in future research.
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    Gendered employment trajectories and later life health in liberal regime countries: A quantitative study in the United States, England, Switzerland and Chile
    (Elsevier, 2025) Madero Cabib, Ignacio; Azar Denecken, Ariel Ricardo; Baumann, Isabel; Biehl Lundberg, Andrés; Corna, Laurie; Mautz, Eric; Yopo Díaz, Martina Irina
    We explore the association between adulthood employment patterns and later life health among men and women in four liberal regime countries: two from Europe (England and Switzerland) and two from the Americas (United States and Chile). We carefully harmonized life-history data from the surveys SHARE (N = 1,143), HRS (N = 4,006), ELSA (N = 3,083), and EVDA (N = 802). The samples included individuals born between 1944 and 1954, with information on employment histories from age 15 to 65 and on 11 health outcomes in later life. In line with welfare regime and health literature, we find significant differences in health outcomes between countries, which are likely explained by differences in health systems. However, we extend previous literature by showing that positive health outcomes are consistently explained by standard employment histories, and poor health outcomes are consistently explained by non-standard employment histories. Importantly, men and women following the same employment pathway across countries are either similarly penalized or compensated in their health. This suggests that it is not gender per se that affects health in later life, but the employment trajectory experienced. Nonetheless, women are disproportionately more likely to experience non-standard employment and thus suffer a greater health disadvantage. Policy measures to mitigate negative health effects of non-standard employment trajectories may therefore pay attention to the specific reasons why women are more likely to experience non-standard trajectories.
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    Reproductive Waithood: An exploratory cohort study of changes in the transition to motherhood in Chile
    (2025) Yopo Díaz, Martina Irina; Madero Cabib, Ignacio
    Waithood is a growing global phenomenon as more women are delaying childbearing and becoming mothers later in life. However, little is known about changes in the transition to motherhood beyond the Global North. Drawing on 40 life story interviews with four cohorts of women in Chile, this qualitative study explores how waithood is emerging as a social norm in connection to changes in the nature, timing, and sequence of motherhood amidst macro-structural transformations in recent decades. We find that waiting to have children is both intentional, as women prioritize education and work milestones, and unintentional, as women face multiple difficulties to become mothers in highly precarious and uncertain contexts. While reproductive waithood is associated to self-realization, increasing readiness for childbearing, and advantages for good mothering, it is also a coping strategy to navigate the transition to motherhood amidst excessive childrearing costs, economic instability, limited social protection, and material hardship. Our findings also suggest that while reproductive waithood is apparent among upper and middle class women, it is also emerging among lower class women as a strategy to avoid the negative effects of early pregnancy on their trajectories of social mobility, navigate the precarious conditions of the labor market, and secure a good upbringing for their children. Overall, these findings contribute to recent scholarship addressing waithood in family formation and delayed adulthood in the Global South.