Browsing by Author "Salinas, Viviana"

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    Access to Higher Education and Adolescent Fertility in Chile
    (2023) Salinas, Viviana; Jorquera-Samter, Valentina; Wiegand-Cruz, Pilar
    This study investigates gender differences in the association between adolescent fertility and the likelihood of initiating higher education among young Chilean men and women. We adopt an entropy balancing strategy to estimate the association between adolescent fertility and the likelihood of starting higher education while accounting for potential selection into early childbearing due to socioeconomic status and prior academic achievement. We use data from official national registers that cover a cohort of Chilean students who attended publicly funded schools and who successfully completed secondary schooling between 2011 and 2022. Our results indicate that adolescent mothers are 15 percentage points less likely to initiate higher education than their peers who did not give birth during adolescence. In comparison, teenage fathers are 20 percentage points less likely to do so than their childless counterparts. Our findings stand in contrast to previously identified disadvantage patterns for secondary school completion, whereby adolescent fertility more significantly hinders schooling completion for women relative to men. We contend that this reversal may be related to traditional gender-role expectations in Chile, which encourage young fathers to act as providers and, therefore, may be prevented from continuing on their education path into tertiary studies.
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    Adolescent fertility and high school completion in Chile: Exploring gender differences
    (2022) Salinas, Viviana; Jorquera-Samter, Valentina
    OBJECTIVE This study has two objectives: first, to estimate the effect of adolescent fertility on high school completion for Chilean adolescents, considering selectivity due to socioeconomic background and prior academic achievement, and, second, to explore the gender differences that exist in this effect. METHODS We use propensity score weighting and regression adjustment to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated groups. We employ a rich dataset built on several administrative sources, covering a cohort of students attending publicly funded schools from 2011 to 2018. RESULTS Considering the samples of men and women separately, we find that a teenage girl who experiences adolescent fertility is 13% less likely to complete high school, whereas the corresponding probability for a teenage boy is only 3%. As compared to boys, girls who experience adolescent fertility also have higher probabilities of delayed high school graduation and dropping out of school. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses indicate that the detrimental effect of adolescent fertility on high school completion is larger for girls than boys in Chile, after taking into consideration the selectivity due to socioeconomic origin and prior academic performance. CONTRIBUTION This is the first study in Chile, and probably the first in Latin America, that directly estimates the difference in the effect of adolescent fertility on educational outcomes for young men and women, considering issues of endogeneity due to treatment selection. Our results point to continuing gender inequity because adolescent mothers suffer more negative effects of fertility than adolescent fathers.
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    Educational Inequalities among Latin American Adolescents: Continuities and Changes over the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2012) Marteleto, Leticia; Gelber, Denisse; Hubert, Celia; Salinas, Viviana
    The goal of this paper is to examine recent trends in educational stratification for Latin American adolescents growing up in three distinct periods: the 1980s, during severe recession; the 1990s. a period of structural adjustments imposed by international organizations; and the late 2000s, when most countries in the region experienced positive and stable growth. In addition, to school enrollment and educational transitions, we examine the quality of education through enrollment in private schools, an important aspect of inequality in education that most studies have neglected. We use nationally representative household survey data for the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s in Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Uruguay. Our overall findings confirm the importance of macroeconomic conditions for inequalities in educational opportunity,suggesting important benefits brought up by the favorable conditions of the 2000s. However, our findings also call attention to increasing disadvantages associated with the quality of the education adolescents receive, suggesting the significance of the EMI framework-Effectively Maintained Inequality-and highlighting the value of examining the quality in addition to the quantity of education in order to fully understand educational stratification in the Latin American context. 2011 International Sociological Association Research Committee 28 on Social Stratification and Mobility. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    El aprendizaje matemático en el hogar durante la pandemia de covid-19 desde la perspectiva de las madres: diferentes escenarios de acuerdo con el nivel socioeconómico
    (2022) Del Rio, Francisca M. ; Susperreguy Jorquera, María Inés; Salinas, Viviana; Córdova, Karen; Marín, Anneliese
    La pandemia de covid-19 interrumpió en Chile la asistencia presencial de los niños a la escuela. Esto convirtió a las madres de niños de primaria en el principal apoyo para su aprendizaje. Dado que las habilidades matemáticas son centrales para el logro académico posterior, este artículo busca conocer, desde la perspectiva de las madres, cómo aprendieron matemática los niños en este periodo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 14 madres de niños de 3er grado de primaria, de diferente nivel socioeconómico (NSE). Se indagó por el tipo de clases que recibieron, recursos del hogar para el aprendizaje, tipo de acompañamiento que fue necesario, entre otros. Los resultados muestran que las escuelas ofrecieron distintas modalidades de clases y que los recursos de enseñanza variaban de acuerdo al NSE de las familias; que las madres fueron las principales encargadas del apoyo escolar en matemáticas, pero que, en ocasiones, pedían ayuda a los padres cuando se sentían poco capaces para esa materia, y que los recursos del hogar para apoyar el aprendizaje matemático también variaban de manera importante de acuerdo al NSE. Los hallazgos revelan que los niños de sectores más vulnerables contaron con menos oportunidades para el logro de aprendizajes matemáticos durante la pandemia.
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    Gender Differences in Retirement Behavior: How Family, Work, and Pension Regime Explain Retirement in Chile
    (OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2021) Canales, Andrea; Salinas, Viviana; Biehl, Andres
    While there is vast research on the Chilean pension system, its financial sustainability, and overall effects on the economy, the literature is scanter about gender differences in retirement and its determinants in the context of a high-income developing country with low rates of female labor market participation and less generous welfare provisions. This study seeks to address these gaps. Employing data from the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (LSPS), we conduct survival analyses to (a) estimate differences in the risk of retirement between men and women, and to (b) investigate how the decision of retirement is influenced by family, work/socioeconomic factors, and pension regimes. Our analyses focused on the age of the first pension receipt. We carry out supplemental analyses on whether pension receipt leads to permanent exit from the labor market. Our results showed that women have a higher risk of receiving their first pension and retire earlier than men. We found that different work experiences prompt women to leave the labor market earlier than men. These results differ from prior research in developed countries that indicated that in countries with low female labor participation rates, women retire later than men.
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    Gender differences in retirement in Chile and Uruguay
    (EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2020) Biehl, Andres; Canales, Andrea; Salinas, Viviana; Wormald, Guillermo
    Purpose This study compares retirement in Chile and Uruguay, and focuses on current individuals legally entitled to retire, particularly women. The article analyses how labour market and family resources shape the access of women and men to social insurance by investigating the likelihood of retirement after reaching the legal age of retirement. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the Longitudinal Social Protection Survey (LSPS), a biannual or triennial longitudinal survey carried out in six Latin American countries. To study gender differences in the chance of being retired, the study conducts a series of logit regression models to model retirement as a function of labour market and life course conditions as well as providing descriptive and contextual information. Findings Main findings support labour market explanations of gender differences in retirement. Work experience, human capital and contribution densities largely explain the chances of retirement and economic autonomy among elderly women. Further analysis reveal that they are both less likely than men to retire but also to work in old age, limiting their economic autonomy. Research limitations/implications Data for Uruguay are recent. To maximize comparison between countries, the paper selects the more recent waves with complete administrative information. As a result, the article uses cross-sectional data that might not capture the accumulation of family resources and could fail to provide a complete gendered life course explanation of current disadvantages faced by women. Originality/value The article uses novel data in order to place two Latin American countries within mainstream sociological theories of retirement, thus complementing literature that mainly focuses on European and North-American societies. The paper also documents gender gaps in retirement in two different Latin American societies, one with a traditionally generous public pension system (Uruguay) and one with a largely privately-run contributory system (Chile).
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    'It would be a problem for the family': queerness, family honour and familism in Chile
    (2024) Ramm, Alejandra; Astudillo, Pablo; Venegas, Daniel; Dinamarca, Consuelo; Salinas, Viviana
    Family honour, protecting and upholding the family name, is central to familism. Yet, it has been somewhat neglected by scholarship on Latin American and Latino families. Familism involves prioritising the family over the individual. Likewise, the family of origin holds particular significance, offering material, social and emotional support, and shaping one's identity, honour and sense of belonging. Heteronormativity and patriarchy portray queer individuals as the causes of family shame. This study examined how family honour, as a component of familism, operates within kin dynamics, specifically focusing on same-sex cohabitation, as this living arrangement serves as a tangible expression of a non-normative sexual orientation. A life course perspective was used to study 24 cases of cohabiting lesbian, gay and bi/pansexual individuals in Chile. The results show the enduring significance of families in providing support, sociability, identity, and a sense of belonging. Nevertheless, it reveals notable instances of family rejection towards queer kin. In Chile, both families of origin and queer individuals employ subtle strategies to conceal their queerness, guided by notions of 'respect' associated with family honour and decency. These strategies involve unspoken agreements to maintain family bonds through discreet displays of queer behaviour without explicit acknowledgement of sexual identity.
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