Browsing by Author "Paul, Alvaro"

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    On the effect of simulated contamination of chlorides and sulfates on steel rebar corrosion: Electrochemical behavior and surface analysis
    (2022) Melo, Paula; Echague, Matias; Guerra, Carolina; Jin, Qingxu; Sancy, Mamie; Paul, Alvaro
    To understand the effect of sulfate ions on the chloride-induced corrosion of reinforced concrete, this study focuses on the electrochemical behavior and surface analysis of standarded carbon steel that was exposed to simulated pore solutions, with different combinations of high and low chloride and sulfate concentrations. Linear scanning voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to monitor the corrosion reaction. Steel surface was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron mi-croscopy. Results indicate that the presence of sulfate affects the electrochemical behavior of steel corrosion at a low and high chloride concentration, where the capability of the corrosion protective layer was influenced by the increase of the sulfate and chloride content. Calcium carbonate deposits were observed at the surface of corroded samples, where higher precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals on carbon steel surface is associated with higher rates of localized corrosion.
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    The Emergence of a More Conventional Reading of the Conventionality Control Doctrine
    (2019) Paul, Alvaro
    The Inter-American Court of Human Rights developed a doctrine called conventionality control. In general terms, this doctrine is somewhat similar to the idea of judicial review of legislation, but applied in a transnational forum. According to the Court, conventionality control would require domestic judges and other bodies of States parties to the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) to depart from domestic legislation that runs counter to the ACHR or the Inter-American Court's interpretation of the ACHR. Many scholars contend that the application of this doctrine should be carried out even if the domestic bodies that apply it have no constitutional power to do so. Others have a more restrictive interpretation and consider that domestic bodies would have to apply it to the extent of their power, according to their national constitutions. Apparently, the latter interpretation is gaining a wider support, which is desirable, because only this reading would be compatible with the principles of international law, and possibly accepted by all member States.