Browsing by Author "Olivares, Fernanda"

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    Agrobiodiversity in mountain territories: family farming and the challenges of social-environmental changes
    (Springer, 2023) Ibarra Eliessetch, Jose Tomas; Marchant, Carla; Olivares, Fernanda; Caviedes, Julián; Santana Sagredo, Francisca; Monterrubio-Solís, Constanza; Sarmiento, Fausto O.; Pontifica Universidad Católica de Chile
    Family farming plays a fundamental role in food production. However, it faces rapid processes of social-environmental change, such as the application of hegemonic agrarian modernization policies and restrictions on the circulation of traditional seeds. Institutional changes are also altering practices and social relations, while climate change is the main factor in biodiversity loss and increased human vulnerability and the threat to livelihoods. The negative effects of these processes are particularly alarming in mountain territories. These systems are considered “biocultural refuges” since they often contain high levels of agrobiodiversity, complex systems of knowledge, and unique agricultural practices with identity value for local communities and indigenous peoples. This chapter examines the role of mountain family farming as a biocultural refuge and discusses the challenges it faces in a context of social-environmental crises, describing cases of mountain agricultural systems in nine of the world’s main mountain territories and showing that they are fragile spaces and highly vulnerable to certain processes of social-environmental change. For this reason, we urge the identification and promotion of strategies to foster the adaptation and resilience of mountain family farming as a way of contributing to the food security and sovereignty of the communities that inhabit these territories.
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    Enhanced photoconversion efficiency of hybrid TiO2/nox-MWCNT/Si photoanode for water splitting in neutral medium
    (2021) Olivares, Fernanda; Segura del Rio, Rodrigo; Reyes, Javier; Peon, Francisco; Henriquez, Ricardo; Hevia, Samuel A.; Duran, Boris; Villalonga, Reynaldo
    Hybrid films composed by TiO2 and functionalized MWCNTs were synthesized and used as photoanodes to perform the water splitting process under neutral and free of sacrificial agents medium. The results show that introducing a sublayer of MWCNTs functionalized with -NO2 and -COOH groups leads to structural modifications on TiO2 that decrease the band gap and reduce the recombination phenomenon. Those groups anchored to nanotubes also play an important role in their dispersibility and provide an additional electron withdrawing effect to the pristine nanotubes. These conditions significantly improve the photoconversion efficiency of the hybrid system until 15-fold regarding pristine TiO2 prepared under the same conditions. (c) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Hacia una política nacional de circuitos cortos de comercialización e intermediación solidaria
    (Centro de Políticas Públicas UC, 2023) Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Santana Acevedo, Francisca; Cortés Carrasco, Josefina; Valdivieso Gatica Gonzalo; Olivares, Fernanda; Monterrubio Solís, Constanza
    En este artículo presentamos los circuitos cortos de comercialización (CCC), con base en la economía solidaria, para el desarrollo de una política pública que fortalezca a la agricultura familiar campesina (AFC).El contenido se divide en cuatro secciones. En la primera, ofrecemos un marco conceptual sobre las crisis que afectan a los sistemas agroalimentarios, las respuestas para hacer frente a las crisis, junto con la importancia de la AFC y de los CCC. La segunda sección presenta una síntesis del proyecto Encuentros propositivos por la agricultura familiar campesina, el cual fue un proceso transdisciplinario que buscó comprender de manera horizontal los impactos de la pandemia y otras crisis sobre la AFC, e impulsar respuestas surgidas desde los territorios. La tercera sección contiene recomendaciones específicas para el diseño de una política pública en CCC. Finalmente, una cuarta sección plantea la conclusión de este trabajo.
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    Photoelectrochemical Activity of Graphene Supported Titanium Dioxide
    (2016) Segura Segura, Rodrigo; Olivares, Fernanda; Maze Ríos, Jerónimo; Häberle, Patricio; Henríquez, Ricardo
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    Saberes etnoveterinarios en Wallmapu ¿Cuáles son los conocimientos, prácticas y creencias de campesinos mapuche y no-mapuche en torno a la crianza animal?
    (2021) Olivares, Fernanda; Marchant, Carla; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás
    Los saberes etnoveterinarios (SE) se conceptualizan como el conjunto de conocimientos (corpus), prácticas (praxis) y creencias (kosmos) relacionadas con la crianza de animales domésticos productivos, los cuales, se conservan en la memoria de diferentes pueblos. En este estudio documentamos los SE sobre manejo animal y manejo sanitario que poseen campesinos mapuche y no-mapuche de Pucón y Curarrehue, Región de La Araucanía, Chile. Considerando un enfoque mixto de investigación, entrevistamos a 60 campesinos durante los meses de enero a marzo 2021. En los SE sobre manejo animal, el corpus se representa en el conocimiento sobre las condiciones climáticas características de cada estación del año, a partir de las cuales se implementan las praxis de forrajeo, partos, esquila, veranadas, encastes y desparasitaciones. El conocimiento sobre fases lunares determina las prácticas de corte de cola y castración. En los manejos sanitarios, el corpus se manifiesta por el conocimiento de 30 especies de plantas y árboles efectivos para el tratamiento de enfermedades, siendo mencionados con mayor frecuencia el canelo (Drimys winteri; n=24) y el junquillo (Juncus procerus; n=20). En la praxis, la preparación de los tratamientos mediante técnicas de cocción (33%) y maceración (13%) junto con las vías de administración oral (77%) y tópica (13%) son las más utilizadas. El kosmos, para campesinos mapuche, está representado por un complejo sistema de creencias, siendo la rogativa del nguillatun la instancia en que “se agradece y pide por la salud de todos los seres”. Los resultados muestran que los SE emergen en el convivir, se transmiten en el hacer y se salvaguardan en la memoria. Además, se observa una interrupción en la transmisión intergeneracional de los SE sanitarios en la praxis, debido al reemplazo por tratamientos alopáticos. En este contexto, documentar y compartir los SE permitirá su resguardo y multiplicación para su uso actual y futuro.
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    “The climate itself must have hidden some medicines” : traditional veterinary medicine of indigenous and non-indigenous campesinos of the southern Andes
    (2022) Olivares, Fernanda; Marchant, Carla; Ibarra Eliessetch, José Tomás; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Sede Regional Villarrica; ECOS (Ecosystem-Complexity-Society) Co-Laboratory, Center for Local Development, (CEDEL). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Campus Villarrica; Center for Intercultural and Indigenous Research (CIIR). Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Campus Villarrica
    Traditional veterinary medicine (TVM) or ethnoveterinary medicine comprises knowledge, practices, and beliefs about farm animals. Its study serves to offer ecologically and culturally appropriate strategies for the management of animals and their health in a context marked by the increased use of synthetic pharmaceuticals, social–environmental degradation, pollution, and climate change. In this study, we examine the TVM that Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos in the southern Andes have about the management of animals and their health. In addition, we investigate the main factors influencing the current use of TVM. Methods: Between December 2020 and March 2021, we undertook participant observation and conducted 60 semi-structured and informal interviews with Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos from the Pucón and Curarrehue municipal districts in the southern Andes of Chile. Results: We identified a set of knowledge about cycles and manifestations of nature used in planning 14 animal management practices related to a Mapuche kosmos expressed in living with respect for and in dialogue with non-human elements. On health management, we recorded knowledge about 30 plant species, whose use for different categories of wounds and parasites has the highest informant consensus factors. The use of these plant species is governed by a kosmos associated with respect and reciprocity in their gathering. Nonetheless, 70% of the campesinos interviewed prefer to use synthetic pharmaceuticals. We found that the growing use of synthetic pharmaceuticals, the processes of reduction and change in the structure of land ownership, and climate change are perceived as the main factors behind processes of assimilation of new praxis and hybridization as well as the reduction and/or loss of the use of TVM. Conclusion: Our results reveal the presence of ethnoveterinary knowledge, practices, and beliefs that are safeguarded by Mapuche and non-Mapuche campesinos in the southern Andes. However, in the context of different social–environmental changes, it is imperative to document, visibilize, and revitalize TVM since it provides new perspectives for bioculturally diverse and sustainable animal production.
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    The effect of oxidative functionalization of carbon nanotubes on the morphological, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of modified titanium dioxide photoanodes
    (2023) Peon-Diaz, Francisco J.; Segura del Rio, Rodrigo; Hevia, Samuel; Olivares, Fernanda; Carlos Exposito-Galvez, Juan; Escalante, Renan; Valadez-Villalobos, Karen; Riquelme, Antonio J.; Oskam, Gerko; Henriquez, Ricardo
    In this work, we demonstrate the influence of the oxidative treatment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the morphological, optical, and photoelectrochemical properties of CNTs-TiO2 photoanodes. CNTs were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD) and subsequently oxidized in a mixture of HNO3/H2SO4 to introduce nitrogen- and oxygen-containing functional groups. The oxidation time was varied (45, 90, and 180 min) to obtain CNTs with different oxidation levels (CNTs-ox). Pristine and oxidized CNTs were deposited on ITO and used as substrates to fabricate ITO/CNTs/TiO2 photoelectrodes by depositing a TiO2 thin layer using a CVD procedure. The extent of oxidation of the CNTs was found to directly influence the homogeneity and morphology of the TiO2 overlayer, its physical stability, and the optical and photoelectrochemical properties of the photoelectrodes. An optimum oxidative treatment was achieved for 90 min, leading to a CNTs-ox/TiO2 electrode with the best performance. Compared to shorter and longer times, this sample showed the smallest bandgap and the best homogeneity of TiO2 growth on the CNTs' surface. Optimal photoelectrochemical performance was also found for this sample (160 mu A/cm(2) at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) in KCl (0.1 M) electrolyte (100 mW/cm(2), Xenon arc lamp).