Browsing by Author "Molinos, María"

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    Aguas grises: Aportes de cedeus sobre tecnologías de tratamiento, percepción social y desarrollo de normativas en chile – Parte 1
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2024) Gallardo, Carlos; Vargas, Ignacio; Gironás, Jorge; Molinos, María; Bertoli, Rodolfo; CEDEUS (Chile)
    Actualmente en Chile el ciclo urbano del agua se basa principalmente en sistemas convencionales centralizados de suministro y tratamiento de agua. Uno de los principales desafíos para las ciudades chilenas es implementar el uso de fuentes alternativas de agua. Un ejemplo de lo anterior es el reúso de aguas grises recuperadas a través de sistemas de tratamientos descentralizados energéticamente sustentables. Dado que las aguas grises corresponden aproximadamente a un 60% de las aguas usadas en un hogar, su tratamiento y reúso seguro emergen como una oportunidad relevante para el desarrollo sustentable de las ciudades chilenas.
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    Aguas grises: Aportes de cedeus sobre tecnologías de tratamiento, percepción social y desarrollo de normativas en Chile – Parte 2
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2024) Gallardo, Carlos; Vargas, Ignacio; Gironás, Jorge; Molinos, María; Bertoli, Rodolfo; CEDEUS (Chile)
    El presente documento se enmarca en investigaciones realizadas por CEDEUS sobre la percepción pública respecto al reúso de aguas grises en Santiago de Chile y las contribuciones y avances en el desarrollo de nuevas normas chilenas referidas al reúso de aguas
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    Contingent Agreements to Reduce the Impacts of Droughts on Human Water Consumption
    (Springer, 2025) Vicuna Diaz, Sebastián; Ávila, Antonia; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Melo Contreras, Oscar Alfredo; Rivera Bravo, Daniela Pilar; Molinos, María
    One of the expected impacts of climate change is the alteration of precipitation and temperatures, modifying hydrological regimes and water availability. Faced with these changes, it is essential to adopt measures to guarantee the quantity, quality and continuity of drinking water supply to the population. This chapter proposes an instrument that consists of the design and implementation of pre-agreement contracts for the temporary transfer of water volumes from agriculture to water utilities. The application of the instrument is presented using the Aconcagua River basin and the Valparaíso-Viña del Mar conurbation in Chile as a case study. Through simulation models, the transfers, and economic compensations of a potential application of the instrument are characterized and evaluated considering different future climate scenarios, drought triggers for activation of pre-agreements, compensation scenarios based on human basic water consumption thresholds, and opportunity cost of water used in the agricultural sector.
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    Flexible Instruments to Address Water Security in the Context of Climate Uncertainty: A Case Study of Option Contracts in a Chilean River Basin
    (ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS, 2025) Ávila, Antonia; Vicuña, Sebastián; Gironás, Jorge; Melo, Oscar; Rivera, Daniela; Molinos, María
    Climate change is causing widespread extreme weather events around the world, affecting food and water security. One example is Chile, which is facing the longest drought in its history. To cope with this situation, adaptation measures such as option contracts have been explored. This type of contract allows the temporary transfer of water from one user to another, depending on weather conditions, with monetary compensation for the users who give up the water. Using the Aconcagua River basin as a case study, it was possible to evaluate the effectiveness of these contracts to mitigate the impact of drought on human consumption in a context of climatic uncertainty. The results indicate that the contract is activated between 0 and 49 times depending on the scenario and that the water supply of the water utility is increased. In conclusion, it is found that option contracts allow mitigating future water scarcity, reducing unsatisfied demand, and improving the water security of the affected populations.
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    Impacts of Droughts on Water Quality: Processes and Monitoring
    (Springer, Cham, 2025) Díaz, José A.; Montecinos, Mauricio; Vega, Alejandra; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Molinos, María; Pastén González, Pablo Arturo
    Water uses may be threatened by hydrochemical shifts that are triggered by droughts. Reduced rainfall, streamflow, and temperature fluctuations may induce distinct changes in salinity, suspended solids, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, organic matter, nutrient cycling, pH, stratification, and hydraulic residence times. The extent of these variations is determined by the drought stage, location and altitude within the watershed, and land use. The processes leading to these changes are described and the implications for water quality monitoring and socioeconomic impacts in Chilean Andean watersheds are discussed. A coordinated monitoring approach is needed to further reveal the intricate nexus between changing climatic patterns, drought events, and the ensuing consequences for water quality within Chilean Andean watersheds.
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    Reúso de agua urbana domiciliaria
    (Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable, 2023) Gallardo, Carlos; Rivera, Javier; Amaris, Gloria; Vargas, Ignacio; Gironás, Jorge; Molinos, María; Bertoli, Rodolfo; CEDEUS (Chile)
    El crecimiento de la población urbana, junto con el cambio climático, está estresando las fuentes convencionales de agua dulce. Gran parte del agua que se consume domiciliariamente, tras su tratamiento en plantas de aguas residuales, se desecha sin darle otros usos. Nuevas estrategias de gestión de las aguas residuales, como su reúso, pueden generar fuentes alternativas de recursos hídricos. Las alternativas de reúso deben considerar el tipo de agua de origen y su uso proyectado acorde a la normativa y aceptabilidad pública. La reutilización de aguas domiciliarias urbanas puede significar reducciones en la huella de carbono por el menor consumo energético en transporte y operación asociado al tratamiento convencional de aguas residuales.