Browsing by Author "Melo Contreras, Oscar Alfredo"

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    Contingent Agreements to Reduce the Impacts of Droughts on Human Water Consumption
    (Springer, 2025) Vicuna Diaz, Sebastián; Ávila, Antonia; Gironás León, Jorge Alfredo; Melo Contreras, Oscar Alfredo; Rivera Bravo, Daniela Pilar; Molinos, María
    One of the expected impacts of climate change is the alteration of precipitation and temperatures, modifying hydrological regimes and water availability. Faced with these changes, it is essential to adopt measures to guarantee the quantity, quality and continuity of drinking water supply to the population. This chapter proposes an instrument that consists of the design and implementation of pre-agreement contracts for the temporary transfer of water volumes from agriculture to water utilities. The application of the instrument is presented using the Aconcagua River basin and the Valparaíso-Viña del Mar conurbation in Chile as a case study. Through simulation models, the transfers, and economic compensations of a potential application of the instrument are characterized and evaluated considering different future climate scenarios, drought triggers for activation of pre-agreements, compensation scenarios based on human basic water consumption thresholds, and opportunity cost of water used in the agricultural sector.
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    The 2023 Latin America report of the Lancet countdown on health and climate change: the imperative for health-centred climate-resilient development
    (2024) Hartinger, Stella M.; Palmeiro-Silva, Yasna K.; Llerena-Cayo, Camila; Blanco-Villafuerte, Luciana; Escobar, Luis E.; Diaz, Avriel; Helo Sarmiento, Juliana; Lescano, Andrés G.; Melo Contreras, Oscar Alfredo; Rojas-Rueda, David; Takahashi, Bruno; Callaghan, Max; Chesini, Francisco; Dasgupta, Shouro; Gil Posse, Carolina; Gouveia, Nelson; Martins de Carvalho, Aline; Miranda-Chacón, Zaray; Mohajeri, Nahid; Pantoja, Chrissie; Robinson, Elizabeth J. Z; Salas, María Fernanda; Santiago, Raquel; Sauma Santis, Enzo Enrique; Santos-Vega, Mauricio; Scamman, Daniel; Sergeeva, Milena; Souza de Camargo, Tatiana; Sorensen, Cecilia; Umaña, Juan D.; Yglesias-González, Marisol; Walawender, María; Buss, Daniel; Romanello, Marina
    In 2023, a series of climatological and political events unfolded, partly driving forward the global climate and health agenda while simultaneously exposing important disparities and vulnerabilities to climate-related events. On the policy front, a significant step forward was marked by the inaugural Health Day at COP28, acknowledging the profound impacts of climate change on health. However, the first-ever Global Stocktake showed an important gap between the current progress and the targets outlined in the Paris Agreement, underscoring the urgent need for further and decisive action. From a Latin American perspective, some questions arise: How do we achieve the change that is needed? How to address the vulnerabilities to climate change in a region with long-standing social inequities? How do we promote intersectoral collaboration to face a complex problem such as climate change? The debate is still ongoing, and in many instances, it is just starting.