Browsing by Author "Martínez, Carolina"
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- ItemA Community Disaster Resilience Index for Chile(2023) Bronfman, Nicolás; Castañeda González, Javiera Valentina; Guerrero Mancilla, Nikole Fernanda; Cisternas, Pamela; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Martínez, Carolina; Chamorro Giné, Marcela AlondraBronfman, Nicolás; Castañeda González, Javiera Valentina; Guerrero Mancilla, Nikole Fernanda; Cisternas, Pamela; Repetto Lisboa, Paula Beatriz; Martínez, Carolina; Chamorro Giné, Marcela AlondraAlthough Chile is one of the countries most exposed to natural hazards, to date there is no national index that shows the differences in resilience levels within the country. This study develops a community resilience index on a national scale based on the Baseline Resilience Community (BRIC) index. The BRIC index for Chile was built with 49 indicators, from different sources at the district level. Our results determined that resilience is not distributed homogeneously throughout the country. The highest levels of resilience are concentrated in the central macro-zone. In comparison, the extreme zones of Chile focus close to 90% of their population in the lowest levels, accounting for an uneven distribution of resources and services that impact resilience levels. These differences were mainly explained by indicators such as the percentage of the population without a health insurance system, the percentage of the population without internet access, and the percentage of electoral participation, among others. The results demonstrate that the BRIC model can be successfully implemented to assess community resilience in Chile and suggests the possibility of targeting resources and strategies to increase resilience in areas with the lowest levels of community resilience.
- ItemNatural Risks in Chile: History, Approaches and Future Challenges(NOVA, 2019) Martínez, Carolina; Vicuña del Río, María Magdalena; Guerrero, Nikole; Alaniz Baeza, Alberto JoséChile is located in the Southern Cone of South America; it has a high diversity of landscapes which have been considered by naturalists and scientists as an irreplaceable patrimony of nature. This country has more than 4000 kilometers of latitudinal extension, with deserts, agricultural valleys, large mineral deposits, ancient forests, relict and endemic species, glaciers, dunes, indigenous cultures and an increasing economy. The relationship between human development and natural characteristics in this diverse country has been quite variable over time; a number of different processes have produced the current state of nature and culture. The environment of Chile has undergone notorious changes since the Spanish colonization, determined by the natural characteristics of the territory and governmental policies which transformed the landscape and human life styles. These changes have continued up to the present day; the first book about environmental issues in Chile, entitled “La sobrevivencia de Chile” (The survival of Chile) published by Rafael Elizalde Mac-Clure in 1970, predicted several of the environmental impacts generated recently by human activities in the country. Conservation is strongly influenced by understanding of and respect for the value of nature; this depends importantly on education and knowledge about the history, perspectives and challenges to the environment. Understanding the environment is fundamental to value nature; this cognitive process generates a link between the reader and nature which promotes the understanding of nature and thus the generation of empathy and feeling with it. It is necessary to understand the problems which have been generated by humans in order to generate perspectives about the current and future state of nature. Generation of these perspectives will help to confront new challenges, accepting our responsibilities and motivating the generation of positive feedback between humans and nature. The main aim of this book is to contribute to the understanding of the environment in Chile. I invited experts in different fields of knowledge linked to the environment to contribute, aiming to reach a holistic view of this topic. The first chapter focuses on understanding an important dimension of nature, describing the Chilean forests as one of the main natural patrimonies of the country. Then the human enforcement of conservation biodiversity and natural patrimony is presented, analyzing what was, is and will be the role of different actors (protected areas, government and the educational system) in the conservation of biodiversity. Topics such as plastic pollution in oceans, the role of the school education system, private protected areas and others are addressed. Then the book focuses on new factors linked to climate change which will affect natural characteristics in the future, addressing the potential impacts generated by climate change on the environment of Chile. As an example of these factors, livestock activities and their impact on environment are analyzed in depth, presenting alternatives for sustainable development in the near future that take into account food security, soil erosion and climate change. The book finalizes with two issues which are strongly linked to human activities, natural hazards and mining impacts. A history of natural hazards in Chile is presented, analyzing the changes in policy and the influence of socio-environmental events and dynamics on the current structure of risks in Chile determined by natural and human factors. Finally, an analysis of the impacts of mining associated with arsenic and copper is presented, describing the development of environmental standards which aim to avoid or reduce the impacts on nature and humans. The first step to loving something is understanding it and emphasizing with it. This book provides an understanding of the environment from a multidisciplinary and holistic approach, inviting you to generate a link with nature and the environment of Chile.
- ItemProjections of Beach Erosion and Associated Costs in Chile(2023) Winckler, Patricio; Agredano Martín, Roberto; Esparza Acuña, César Antonio; Melo Contreras, Óscar; Sactic, María Isabel; Martínez, CarolinaEconomic costs associated to coastal erosion are projected in 45 sandy beaches in Chilean coasts. We compare mid-century (2026–2045) and end-of-century projections (2081–2100) of wave climate and sea-level rise (SLR) with a historical period (1985–2004) using several General Circulation Models for the RCP 8.5 scenario. Offshore wave data are then downscaled to each site, where shoreline retreat is assessed with Bruun rule for various berm heights and sediment diameters. Results indicate that mid-century retreat would be moderate (>13 m) while larger end-of-century projections (>53 m) are explained by SLR (0.58 ± 0.25 m). A small counterclockwise rotation of long beaches is also expected. To assess the costs of shoreline retreat, we use the benefit transfer methodology by using adjusted values from a previous study to the sites of interest. Results show that, by mid-century, beach width reduction would be between 2.0% and 68.2%, implying a total annual loss of USD 5.6 [5.1–6.1] million. For end-the-century projections, beach width reduction is more significant (8.4–100%), involving a total annual loss of USD 10.5 [8.1–11.8] million. Additionally, by the end-of-century, 13–25 beaches could disappear. These costs should be reduced with coastal management practices which are nevertheless inexistent in the country.
- ItemReporte legislativo No. 4 Legislatura 372 / 11 de Marzo 2024-10 de Marzo 2025. Observatorio de Políticas Públicas. Legislación relevante en pesca artesanal, acuicultura y desarrollo costero(Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera SECO, 2025) Reyes Mendy, Francisca; Muñoz Godoy, Nicolás; Gelcich, Stefan; Haye, Pilar; Barra, Ricardo; Broitman, Bernardo; Contreras-Porcia, Loretto; Estévez, Rodrigo; Farías, Laura; Martínez, Carolina; Oyarzún, Fernanda; Reyes, Francisca; Vargas, Cristian; Vásquez, Felipe; Reyes Mendy, Francisca; Muñoz Godoy, Nicolás; Instituto Milenio en Socio-Ecología Costera SECOEste reporte del Observatorio de Políticas Públicas de SECOS analiza el trabajo legislativo relevante para la pesca artesanal, acuicultura y desarrollo costero en la legislatura 372. Se ingresaron 19 proyectos de ley, destacando la reforma a la Ley de Pesca (boletín 17095-21), normativas sobre buceo y transferencia tecnológica. Se votaron 11 proyectos y se promulgaron 3 leyes, incluyendo avances en equidad de género. Con más de 75 sesiones y 774 invitados en la Comisión de Pesca, se confirma la magnitud del debate sobre la nueva Ley de Pesca. La diversidad de temas tratados en los proyectos aprobados resalta la importancia del seguimiento legislativo y la participación informada en estos procesos.
- ItemUrban Wetland Losses and Land-Use Conservation Challenges in Three Latin American Cities(Springer, 2024) Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Munizaga, Juan; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Martínez, CarolinaWetlands are valuable and threatened ecosystems throughout the world. They are essential for the maintenance of life and ecological balance, in addition to providing a larger number of benefits to human societies. Wetlands reduce the risk of flooding by regulating the flow of water, being essential to reduce the impacts of climate change, especially along the coasts and coastal cities of the world. Urban growth poses a risk to wetlands in and around urban areas. In this work, we quantify the loss trends of wetlands in urban areas in three Latin American countries between the years 2002 and 2019. We selected as case studies the wetlands of Aconcagua in Chile, Ciénaga de Mallorquín in Colombia, and Pantanos de Villa in Peru. Through multitemporal analysis of Quickbird satellite imagery collections, we classify land covers at 2.5-m resolution and identify areas covered by wetland. We quantify the losses and gains of the wetland areas and the areas surrounding them. We found that the three wetlands analyzed lost area, confirming the worldwide trend of loss. The Ciénaga de Mallorquín wetland was the one that decreased the most due to coastal dynamics and urbanization. The Pantanos de Villa wetland reduced its area due to the increase in urban areas that grew filling the wetland under the pressure of informal settlements and beach condominiums. Lastly, the Aconcagua wetland was reduced due to the increase in grasslands together with the increase in bare soil, also affecting the beaches and dunes. In all three case studies, urban wetlands decreased due to urban growth. For this reason, we call attention to the urgency of improving urban planning to ensure the maintenance of these key ecosystems to ensure more sustainable and resilient cities, as proposed by Sustainable Development Goal 11.
- ItemUrban Wetlands in Latin America: Protection, Conservation, Innovation, Restoration, and Community for Sustainable and Water Sensitive Cities(Springer Cham, 2024) Aldana-Domínguez, Juanita; Rojas Quezada, Carolina Alejandra; Munizaga, Juan; Moschella, Paola; Stamm, Caroline Andre; Martínez, Carolina; Velásquez, Carlos Javier; Capera, Ingrid; Falfán, Ina; Zambrano, Luis; Soto, Evelyn; Teutsch, Camila; Scheuch, Teresita; Fernández, Antonio; Briceño, Felipe; Vattuone Troncoso, Catalina de los Angeles; Domínguez, Juan Carlos; Riveros, Andrés; Pichunleo, Enzo; Rojas Quezada, Carolina AlejandraThis book is about the contribution of urban wetlands in livable cities. Urban wetlands are very valuable blue-green infrastructure spaces for human settlements, yet they are disappearing as a result of urbanization. This phenomenon is worldwide, but is particularly intense in Latin America. Although international literature has made an effort to document the multiple ecosystem services provided by these ecosystems, such as water and air cleansing, flood mitigation and recreation, among others, we want to draw attention to the fact that the loss of urban wetlands affects the sustainability of cities and future generations. Therefore, and given the weakness of public policies implemented in the region for their protection, it is essential to highlight good practices, mechanisms and strategies aimed at Protection, Conservation, Innovation, Restoration, and work with the Community, all of this hand in hand with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals.The book offers a comprehensive coverage combining the need to protect and conserve urban wetlands from the pressures of urban growth, as well as highlighting successful experiences of regulation and of course applied research aimed at nature-based solution design for flood management and wastewater treatment, restoration areas, green infrastructure plans, as well as experiences of collective work with communities in contexts of political tensions for the defense of wetlands.