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Browsing by Author "Manzi, Jorge"

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A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Stigma Surrounding Type 2 Diabetes in Colombia
(2021) Pedrero, Victor; Manzi, Jorge; Alonso, Luz Marina
Type 2 diabetes is a global epidemic, and many people feel stigmatized for having this disease. The stigma is a relevant barrier to diabetes management. However, evidence in this regard is scarce in Latin America. This study aimed to analyze the level of stigma surrounding type 2 diabetes in the Colombian population and its relationships with sociodemographic, clinical, psychosocial variables and behaviors related to management of the disease (self-management behaviors). This cross-sectional study included 501 Colombian adults with type 2 diabetes. We estimated the relation between stigma and selected variables through linear regression models. Additionally, we analyzed the mediator role of psychosocial variables in the relationship between stigma and self-management behaviors through structural equation models. A total of 16.4% of patients showed concerning levels of stigma. The time elapsed since diagnosis (beta = -0.23) and socioeconomic status (beta = -0.13) were significant predictors of the level of stigma. Stigma was negatively correlated with self-efficacy (beta = -0.36), self-esteem (beta = -0.37), and relationship with health care provider (beta = -0.46), and positively correlated with stress (beta = 0.23). Self-efficacy, self-esteem, and the relationships with health care providers had a mediation role in the relationship between stigma and self-management behaviors. These variables would be part of the mechanisms through which the perception of stigma harms self-management behaviors. The stigma of type 2 diabetes is frequent in the Colombian population and negatively associated with important aspects of disease management.
Affective polarization and collective memory of the military coup
(2024) Lay Martinez, Siugmin Paz; Manzi, Jorge; González, Roberto; Carvacho García, Héctor; Miranda, Daniel; Haye M., Andrés
Classroom discipline, classroom environment and student performance in Chile
(COMISION ECONOMICA PARA AMERICA LATINA Y EL CARIBE, 2015) Gazmuri, Carolina; Manzi, Jorge; Paredes, Ricardo D.
This paper assesses the extent to which teachers' actions in the classroom influence the school environment. The assessment is based on a statistical analysis of videotaped classroom observations of 51,329 teachers. The classroom environment was found to have a significant influence on students' performance. More specifically, the teacher's ability to handle the class as a group is consistently more significant than other measures of class environment. It was also founds that the overall school environment is a better predictor of students' test results than the environment in the classrooms of the students whose test results are being reported. This suggests that the most effective course of action would be to improve the overall school environment, although individual teachers have less control over this factor.
Confronting or avoiding confrontation? The role of sexism in evaluating women who avoid confronting discrimination (Confrontar o evitar hacerlo? El rol del sexismo en la evaluacion de mujeres que evitan confrontar la discriminacion)
(2022) Jimenez-Moya, Gloria; Manzi, Jorge; Castillo, Fernanda
Confrontation is a good strategy for lowering discrimination. Given that victims who confront are evaluated negatively, the role of witnesses of discrimination is crucial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse how women who confront discrimination not directed towards them are evaluated (versus those who don't confront), by examining the role of two factors: sexist attitudes and the characteristics of the woman. In one experimental study with a general population (N = 657), we found that women who confront a racist comment are perceived more positively than women who do not confront. However, women who do not confront are more positively evaluated by sexist participants (vs less sexist individuals). The characteristics of the women do not affect the participants' evaluation of them. These results show that even though women who confront may be positively evaluated in general, prejudice towards women is a key factor in the perception of women who choose not to confront.
El rol de los docentes en el aprendizaje socioemocional de sus estudiantes: La perspectiva del apego escolar
(CEPPE, 2016) Berger Silva, Christian; Alamos Valenzuela, Pilar María; Milicic, Neva; Manzi, Jorge; García, María Rosa
How Valid Are the Content Knowledge and Pedagogical Content Knowledge Test Results of the Teacher Professional Development System in Chile?
(Springer Nature Switzerland, 2021) Valencia Acuña, Edgar Andrés; Kluttig, Martha; Rodríguez, Beatriz; Manzi, Jorge; García, María Rosa; Taut, Sandy; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Teacher policies in Chile often deem content knowledge (CK) and pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as essential dimensions of teaching quality. The measurement of CK and PCK started in 2002, with two voluntary teacher evaluation programs. CK and PCK gained greater relevance with the National System for the Recognition and Promotion of Teachers’ Professional Development (Teacher Career System, TCS) in 2016. TCS is a mandatory nation-wide policy defining the career paths of educators serving in publicly funded schools. Shortly after the first evaluation process, this chapter attempts to examine critical aspects related to the validity of the CK-PCK test results. Validity is a requirement to justify the high-stakes nature of the test. Along with a description of the policy context and measurement process, the chapter proposes seven assumptions underlying the appropriate use of the test results for the decisions the teacher evaluation program seeks to inform. The chapter discusses how reasonable five out of the seven assumptions are and offers a formative judgment of the validity of the CK-PCK test results. Finally, the chapter offers guidelines for a summative validation agenda discussing various ways of improvement of the mandatory measurement of CK and PCK in Chile
Interparty attitudes in chile: Coalitions as superordinate social identities
(BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, 2008) Gonzalez, Roberto; Manzi, Jorge; Saiz, Jose L.; Brewer, Marilynn; de Tezanos Pinto, Pablo; Torres, David; Aravena, Maria Teresa; Aldunate, Nerea
This paper reports a survey (N = 1,465) conducted in Chile that was conceived to understand the role of coalition identification as an important sociopsychological mechanism for promoting positive affects toward own-coalition party members in a multiparty system, above and beyond interparty political differences. Participants judged their own political party, parties within coalitions (fellow coalition members and opposing parties), and political coalitions as a whole on affective dimensions (trust, liking, and admiration). The results provide substantial support for the five hypotheses addressed in the study. Overall, perceived interparty distance and political identity threat had a negative impact on affect toward coalition party members. Above and beyond these effects, identification with the coalition positively predicted affect toward allies. Ingroup party affect was positively correlated with affect toward own-coalition party members and own coalition as a whole, but was not negatively associated with affect toward opposing-coalition parties. Moreover, the relationship between own-party affect and affect toward own-coalition party members was mediated by affect toward own coalition. Overall, evidence for the benefits of promoting coalition identification in a multiparty system is provided and discussed alongside the limitations and practical implications derived from the study.
Memoria colectiva del golpe de estado de 1973 en Chile
(2004) Manzi, Jorge; Ruiz Jabbaz, M. Soledad; Krause Jacob, Mariane; Meneses, Alejandra; Haye M., Andrés; Kronmüller Rioseco, Edmundo Matías
En el presente artículo se muestran resultados de una investigación cualitativa sobre memoria colectiva acerca de los hechos acontecidos el 11 de Septiembre de 1973 en Chile, sus causas y sus consecuencias. Sobre la base de datos provenientes de 44 entrevistas semiestructuradas, se realizó un análisis cualitativo de contenidos y uno lingüístico. Los resultados muestran diferencias en cuanto a coincidencias y discrepancias en los contenidos de la memoria colectiva en función de la posición política de los entrevistados y dependiendo de si estos contenidos están referidos a los hechos acontecidos el 11 de Septiembre, a sus causas o a sus consecuencias. Mientras en relación con los hechos predominan los contenidos compartidos, variando casi exclusivamente las valoraciones de éstos, en las causas aparecen diferencias entre las personas de derecha y las de centro e izquierda, que se acentúan en la temática de las consecuencias. Por su parte, el análisis lingüístico muestra que existen principalmente cuatro tipos de discursos que se distinguen en cuanto a contenidos y en función del grado de certeza que los entrevistados manifiestan en relación a los contenidos de la memoria. La posición política distingue contenidos en tanto conlleva una distinta valoración de los sucesos del 11 de Septiembre en personas de derecha y de centro e izquierda. Por su parte, las personas con mayor implicación política, tanto de derecha como de izquierda, comparten la característica de la certeza, mientras los de menor implicación política poseen un grado mayor de incertidumbre.
Nuestra culpa: Collective guilt and shame as predictors of reparation for historical wrongdoing
(AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2008) Brown, Rupert; Gonzalez, Roberto; Zagefka, Hanna; Manzi, Jorge; Cehajic, Sabina
Three studies examined the hypothesis that collective guilt and shame have different consequences for reparation. In 2 longitudinal studies, the ingroup was nonindigenous Chileans (Study 1: N = 124/120, lag = 8 weeks; Study 2: N = 247/137, lag = 6 months), and the outgroup was Chile's largest indigenous group, the Mapuche. In both studies, it was found that collective guilt predicted reparation attitudes longitudinally. Collective shame had only cross-sectional associations with reparation and no direct longitudinal effects. In Study 2, collective shame moderated the longitudinal effects of collective guilt such that the effects of guilt were stronger for low-shame respondents. In Study 3 (N = 193 nonindigenous Chileans), the cross-sectional relationships among guilt, shame, and reparation attitudes were replicated. The relationship between shame and reparation attitudes was mediated by a desire to improve the ingroup's reputation.
On positive psychological outcomes: What helps groups with a history of conflict to forgive and reconcile with each other?
(SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2008) Noor, Masi; Brown, Rupert; Gonzalez, Roberto; Manzi, Jorge; Lewis, Christopher Alan
Three studies examined the roles of traditional and novel social psychological variables involved in intergroup forgiveness. Study 1 ( N = 480) revealed that among the pro-Pinochet and the anti-Pinochet groups in Chile, forgiveness was predicted by ingroup identity ( negatively), common ingroup identity ( positively), empathy and trust ( positively), and competitive victimhood ( the subjective sense of having suffered more than the outgroup, negatively). Political ideology ( Right vs. Left) moderated the relationship between empathy and forgiveness, trust and forgiveness, and between the latter and competitive victimhood. Study 2 ( N = 309), set in the Northern Irish conflict between Protestants and Catholics, provided a replication and extension of Study 1. Finally, Study 3 ( N = 155/ 108) examined the longitudinal relationship between forgiveness and reconciliation in Northern Ireland, revealing that forgiveness predicted reconciliation intentions. The reverse direction of this relationship was also marginally significant. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
On the relation between social class and prejudice: The roles of education, income, and ideological attitudes
(2013) Carvacho, Hector; Zick, Andreas; Haye, Andres; Gonzalez, Roberto; Manzi, Jorge; Kocik, Caroline; Bertl, Melanie
Prejudice is more prevalent among members of the working class than among members of the middle or upper class. It is still a matter of discussion whether education works to suppress prejudice among upper class members or, on the contrary, to enhance genuinely tolerant attitudes. We propose that (i) two indicators of social classincome and educationindependently predict prejudice toward multiple targets as follows: lower levels of income and education are associated with higher levels of prejudice. (ii) The connection between social class and prejudice is explained by the endorsement of system-legitimating ideological attitudes, namely right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO). We tested these hypotheses in four studies using cross-sectional surveys in Europe (Studies 1 and 2, Ns=11330 and 2640) and longitudinal data from Germany and Chile (Studies 3 and 4, Ns=343 and 388). Results show that education and income exert independent negative effects on prejudice. The effect of education is stronger than the effect of income, which is not stable across countries. The relationships between income and prejudice and education and prejudice are mediated by RWA and SDO. We conclude that people of the working class generally endorse an ideological configuration that is well suited for legitimating the social system. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
El pasado que nos pesa: la memoria colectiva del 11 de septiembre de 1973
(2003) Manzi, Jorge; Helsper, Ellen; Ruiz, Soledad; Krause, Mariane; Kronmuller, Edmundo
El presente artículo muestra los resultados de una encuesta de opinión pública acerca del 11 de septiembre de 1973 y el Régimen Militar, aplicada a 792 personas de la Región Metropolitana. La muestra contempló participantes de distintas orientaciones ideológicas y de tres generaciones políticas: quienes cumplieron 18 años antes de 1973, los que lo hicieron entre 1974 y 1989, y los que llegaron a esa edad a partir de 1990. Los resultados confirman que se trata de una fecha que posee importancia subjetiva para la mayoría de las personas. Los análisis revelaron que las diferencias generacionales son relativamente menores. La posición ideológica subsiste como un factor fuertemente diferenciador del recuerdo que se tiene sobre este período de la historia chilena, aunque también se constataron convergencias inesperadas entre personas de distintas posiciones
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish-language Version of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting (IM-P) Scale among Mothers of Preschool Children in Chile
(2022) Corthorn, Carolina; Duncan, Larissa G.; Manzi, Jorge; Pedrero, Victor
The Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting (IM-P) scale is one of the first measures that specifically assesses mindful parenting, a specific application of mindfulness, that has been defined as paying attention to your child and parenting in a particular way, intentionally, in the present moment, and non-judgmentally. Psychometric properties of a Spanish-language version of the IM-P scale were examined in a sample of 111 mothers of preschool-age children living in Santiago, Chile. The original IM-P model with five factors and 31 items showed indicators of goodness of fit within acceptable ranges, however two items presented extremely low factor loadings that suggest a lack of fit to the model. Also, there was a high correlation between two factors which were theoretical and conceptually very related: Compassion for the self and child and Non-judgmental Acceptance of the self and child. Therefore, it was considered appropriate to test a new four-factor model in which these two factors were merged into one, and items loading low in the previous model were eliminated. This new model showed a slightly better fit than the five-factor model. The resultant four-factor version and its subscales showed good internal consistencies. Construct validity of the IM-P scale was investigated by calculating correlations with general mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ). As expected, a significant positive correlation was found between the two measures (r=0.73, p<0.01), and among almost all subscales. In general, the results present sound psychometric properties of the Spanish translation of the IM-P in Chilean mothers of preschool children.
Reconociendo el mérito docente: Programa de Acreditación de Excelencia Pedagógica 2002-2014
(Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 2015) Pontifica universidad catolica de chile; Rodríguez, Beatriz; Manzi, Jorge; Peirano, Claudia; Bravo, David; Gonzalez Gutierrez Roberto
El libro hace un recorrido temático que permite dar cuenta de la génesis del Programa de Acreditación de Excelencia Pedagógica, su relación con otras políticas docentes, la metodología con la cual se aborda la evaluación, los principales resultados hasta el año 2012 y las proyecciones en el nuevo escenario político y social en Chile. Se estructura en siete capítulos, además de una sección inal de conclusiones.
The Contribution of Religiosity to Ideology: Empirical Evidences From Five Continents
(2018) Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Vecchione, Michele; Schwartz, Shalom H.; Schoen, Harald; Bain, Paul G.; Silvester, Jo; Cieciuch, Jan; Pavlopoulos, Vassilis; Bianchi, Gabriel; Kirmanoglu, Hasan; Baslevent, Cem; Mamali, Catalin; Manzi, Jorge; Katayama, Miyuki; Posnova, Tetyana; Tabernero, Carmen; Torres, Claudio; Verkasalo, Markku; Lonnqvist, Jan-Erik; Vondrakova, Eva; Giovanna Caprara, Maria
The current study examines the extent to which religiosity account for ideological orientations in 16 countries from five continents (Australia, Brazil, Chile, Germany, Greece, Finland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Results showed that religiosity was consistently related to right and conservative ideologies in all countries, except Australia. This relation held across different religions, and did not vary across participant's demographic conditions (i.e., gender, age, income, and education). After controlling for basic personal values, the contribution of religiosity on ideology was still significant. However, the effect was substantial only in countries where religion has played a prominent role in the public sphere, such as Spain, Poland, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, and Turkey. In the other countries, the unique contribution of religiosity was marginal or small.
Theory underlying a national teacher evaluation program
(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2010) Taut, Sandy; Santelices, Veronica; Araya, Carolina; Manzi, Jorge
The paper describes a study conducted to explicate the multiple theories underlying Chile's national teacher evaluation program. These theories will serve as the basis for evaluating the intended consequences of this evaluation system, while not losing sight of emerging unintended consequences. We first analyzed legal and policy documents and then interviewed fourteen representatives of the four stakeholder groups involved in the program's design and implementation, in order to gain insight into their respective conceptions of the program's functioning and intended effects. The results show that, as to be expected and despite the long and difficult negotiation process that preceded implementation of this program, multiple political stakeholders still view the program's intended effects differently. However, there was substantial overlap regarding a number of intended effects, such as building the capacity of, and triggering change in, teachers with shortcomings, and informing the selection of new teachers and facilitating the exit of unsatisfactory teachers from the system. It was difficult to get interviewees to talk about how exactly these intended effects are supposed to be achieved. The paper draws conclusions regarding theory elaboration process involving multiple stakeholders in a highly political context. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Trust in Political Institutions in Chile: A Model of the Main Components of Trust Judgments
(2008) Segovia, Carolina; Haye, Andres; Gonzalez, Roberto; Manzi, Jorge; Carvacho, Hector
Citizen's trust in political institutions is important for democracies. However, there are doubts regarding the nature of trust judgments. We argue that trust judgements concerning political institutions centrally involve the consideration of both the preparation and resources of the institutions that enable it to fulfill its goals (capacity), and the orientation of such goals toward the wellbeing of citizens (benevolence). Results are based on a survey carried out in Santiago, Chile, during 2005 on 996 people. We conclude that both capacity and benevolence are strong predictors of trust and that, beyond the direct influence of each of them, they also have a joint effect on trust judgments.
When social movements fail or succeed: social psychological consequences of a collective action's outcome
(SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG, 2023) Carvacho, Hector; Gonzalez, Roberto; Cheyre, Manuel; Rocha, Carolina; Cornejo, Marcela; Jimenez-Moya, Gloria; Manzi, Jorge; Alvarez-Dezerega, Catalina; Alvarez, Belen; Castro, Diego; Varela, Micaela; Valdenegro, Daniel; Drury, John; Livingstone, Andrew
Collective actions occur all around the world and, in the last few years, even more frequently. Previous literature has mainly focused on the antecedents of collective actions, but less attention has been given to the consequences of participating in collective action. Moreover, it is still an open question how the consequences of collective action might differ, depending on whether the actions are perceived to succeed or fail. In two studies we seek to address this gap using innovative experimental studies. In Study 1 (N = 368) we manipulated the perceptions of success and failure of a collective action in the context of a real social movement, the Chilean student movement from last decade. In Study 2 (N = 169), in addition to manipulating the outcome, we manipulated actual participation, using a mock environmental organization aiming to create awareness in authorities, to test the causal effect of both participation and success/failure on empowerment, group efficacy, and intentions of future involvement in normative and non-normative collective actions. Results show that current and past participation predict overall participation in the future, however, in Study 2 the manipulated participation was associated with having less intentions of participating in the future. In both studies, perception of success increases group efficacy. In Study 1, we found that when facing failure, participants increase their willingness to participate more in the future as opposed to non-participants that actually decrease theirs. In Study 2, however, failure increases the perception of efficacy for those with a history of non-normative participation. Altogether these results highlight the moderating role of the outcome of collective action to understand the effect of participation on future participation. We discuss these results in light of the methodological innovation and the real world setting in which our studies were conducted.

Browsing by Author "Manzi, Jorge"

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