Browsing by Author "Leon, Cecilia"

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    Early fitness consequences and hormonal correlates of parental behaviour in the social rodent, Octodon degus
    (2010) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Ramirez-Otarola, Natalia; Leon, Cecilia; Ortiz, Maria E.; Croxatto, Horacio B.
    Males are expected to assist their mates whenever this behaviour raises survival of offspring with little expense in terms of mating opportunities At a more proximate level cortisol and testosterone hormones seem involved in the expression of parental care in mammals We examined the consequences to postnatal offspring development and survival of the males presence in the social rodent Octodon degus Offspring quality and quantity and maternal condition of females were contrasted among females rearing their litters in the presence of the sire females breeding in the presence of a non-breeding female and females breeding solitarily We related these differences to variation in parental behaviour and plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol Twenty two females and their litters were studied under constant conditions of adult density nest availability food availability and breeding experience Males huddled over and groomed offspring However neither the number nor the mass of pups from dams that nested with the sire differed from those recorded to breeding females that nested with a non-breeding female and females that nested solitarily Body weight loss and associated levels of plasma cortisol in dams nesting with the sire were similar to those of solitary females but higher than mothers nesting with a non-breeding female Thus male care had no consequences to offspring and seemed detrimental to breeding females Circulating levels of cortisol and total testosterone were either poor (mothers) or no (fathers non-breeding females) predictors of parental care (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved
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    Effects of Radio-Collars are not Contingent on Socioecological Conditions in Degus
    (2021) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Quirici, Veronica; Bunster, Valentina; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Hayes, Loren D.
    Species-specific research on free-ranging mammals reveals a diversity of effects of radio-collars on behavior, body condition, and fitness. Although these studies indicate rather limited direct effects, radio-collars may cause effects influenced by socio-ecological conditions. Using a 7-year study on a natural population of group-living degus (Octodon degus), we tested the hypothesis that ecological (food availability, burrow density) and social (group size, group male-to-female ratio) conditions modulate effects of radio-collars on body condition (e.g., body mass, ecto- and endoparasite loads, fecal cortisol metabolites) and direct fitness (litter size, adult survival). We determined the effect of radio-collar use on degus by contrasting the presence or absence of radio-collars, quantifying the effects of the number of days carrying a radio-collar, and the relative mass of radio-collars worn by degus in central Chile between 2009 and 2015. Radio-collar use was not associated with direct effects on litter size, adult survival, or with body mass and fecal cortisol metabolites but was linked to low ecto- and endoparasite loads. These seemingly positive effects may reflect decreased mobility, or a research bias for radio-collaring larger, healthier individuals. There was no evidence that ecological and social conditions modulated radio-collar effects on degu body condition and direct fitness. These findings are consistent with evidence from other mammal studies that reported no appreciable detrimental direct or indirect effects of radio-collars. (c) 2021 The Wildlife Society.
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    Fecal cortisol levels predict breeding but not survival of females in the short-lived rodent, Octodon degus
    (2013) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Tapia, Diego; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Leon, Cecilia; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio; Hayes, Loren D.
    The cort-adaptation hypothesis indicates that an association between glucocorticoid (cort) levels and fitness may vary with the extent to which reproduction or breeding effort is a major determinant of cort levels. Support for a context dependent association between cort and fitness comes mostly from relatively long-lived, bird species. We tested the hypothesis that there are gender and context (life-history) specific cort-fitness relationships in degus, a short-lived and generally semelparous social rodent. In particular, we used demographical records on a natural population to estimate adult survival through seasons and years and linked that to records of baseline cort (based on fecal cortisol metabolites). We found no evidence for a direct relationship between baseline cort and adult survival across seasons, and this lack of association was recorded irrespective of sex and life history stage. Yet, cort levels during early lactation predicted the probability that females produce a second litter during the same breeding season, supporting a connection between baseline cort levels and breeding effort. Overall, the differential effects of cort on survival and breeding supported that the extent of cort-fitness relationships depends on the fitness component examined. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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    Females of the communally breeding rodent, Octodon degus, transfer antibodies to their offspring during pregnancy and lactation
    (2007) Becker, Maria Ines; De Ioannes, Alfredo E.; Leon, Cecilia; Ebensperger, Luis A.
    Females in numerous rodent species engage in communal nesting and breeding, meaning that they share a nest to rear their young together. One potential benefit to communally nesting mot-hers is that infants improve their immunocompetence. Thus, suckling from two or more females might provide newborns with a more diverse array of antibodies and defensive cells. As a first step toward testing the immunocompetence hypothesis, we assessed whether female degus (Octodon degus), a communally nesting and breeding caviomorph rodent, transfer immunoglobulins to their young through the yolk sac or placenta while in the uterus and,during lactation, through milk. With this aim, adult degu females were immunized with four antigens, including two mollusk hemocyanins from Concholepas and Megathura (CCH and KLH, respectively), porcine thyroglobulin and tetanus toxoid. Specific antibodies against,the experimental antigens were used to track the origin of antibodies in the young. To establish the presence of specific antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes in sera and milk of animals, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed. Degu females produced specific antibodies against antigens not found in their natural environment, and mothers were able to transfer the induced antibodies to their litters during pregnancy (IgG) and during lactation (IgA). However, we recorded only limited evidence of degu offspring acquiring antibodies from lactating mothers other than their own, giving little support to the increased immunocompetence hypothesis. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Fitness consequences of variation in social group size are not population-specific but are associated with access to food in the communally breeding rodent, Octodon degus
    (2024) Hayes, Loren D.; Strom, Madeline K.; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Grillo, Sara; Gao, Cuilan L.; Vasquez, Rodrigo A.; Ebensperger, Luis A.
    Studies that concurrently investigate the functional benefits of group living in multiple populations of the same species are rare. Over a 3-year period (2014-2016), we examined two ecologically contrasting populations to test multiple hypotheses for the adaptive significance of group living in the communally breeding rodent Octodon degus. We quantified the size of social units (number of adults, number of adult females), edible vegetation at burrow systems, and per capita offspring weaned (PCOW) in each population. Contrary to expectations, we did not observe population-specific associations between group size and edible vegetation or PCOW nor universal benefits of group living. In one population, PCOW increased in mid-sized groups with more edible vegetation. However, this trend was not consistent across years. Notably, we observed a complete reproductive failure in one population during the first year of study, one that was characterized by low rainfall and no detectable edible vegetation. This result is important because reproductive failure occurred regardless of group size, suggesting that communal living may not buffer degus against the harshest of environmental conditions. Examining how social organization shapes individual reproductive success under extreme variation in food availability is an important step towards understanding how populations will respond to a changing climate.
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    Immunocompetence of breeding females is sensitive to cortisol levels but not to communal rearing in the degu (Octodon degus)
    (2015) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Abades, Sebastian; Hayes, Loren D.; Nova, Esteban; Salazar, Fabian; Bhattacharjee, Joydeep; Ines Becker, Maria
    One hypothesis largely examined in social insects is that cooperation in the context of breeding benefits individuals through decreasing the burden of immunocompetence and provide passive immunity through social contact. Similarly, communal rearing in social mammals may benefit adult female members of social groups by reducing the cost of immunocompetence, and through the transfer of immunological compounds during allonursing. Yet, these benefits may come at a cost to breeders in terms of a need to increase investment in individual immunocompetence. We examined how these potential immunocompetence costs and benefits relate to reproductive success and survival in a natural population of the communally rearing rodent, Octodon degus. We related immunocompetence (based on ratios of white blood cell counts, total and specific immunoglobulins of G isotype titers) and fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGC) levels of adults immunized with hemocyanin from the mollusk Concholepas concholepas to measures of sociality (group size) and communal rearing (number of breeding females). Offspring immunocompetence was quantified based on circulating levels of the same immune parameters. Neither female nor offspring immunocompetence was influenced by communal rearing or sociality. These findings did not support that communal rearing and sociality enhance the ability of females to respond to immunological challenges during lactation, or contribute to enhance offspring condition (based on immunocompetence) or early survival (i.e., to 3 months of age). Instead, levels of humoral and cellular components of immunocompetence were associated with variation in glucorcorticoid levels of females. We hypothesize that this covariation is driven by physiological (life-history) adjustments needed to sustain breeding. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Nest and space use in a highland population of the southern mountain cavy (Microcavia australis)
    (2006) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Taraborelli, Paula; Giannoni, Stella M.; Hurtado, Maria Jos; Leon, Cecilia; Bozinovic, Francisco
    We examined the spatial and social structure of a high-altitude population of the scarcely known southern mountain cavy (Microcavia australis) in Argentina. We used radiotelemetry techniques to monitor nest use at night and daily home ranges and examine whether southern mountain cavies form nesting associations that are socially cohesive groups. We further timed our observations to breeding time of our study population (September-November) to assess opportunities for communal breeding. The nighttime telemetry of 24 radiotagged cavies revealed 7 nesting associations (i.e., communal nesting). These included 1-4 breeding females and I or 2 breeding males. Nesting associations were stable in terms of identity of individual members and in the location of putative nest sites. Most associations used a single nest site, but some shared 2 or 3. We noted that all nest sites were located under dominant shrubs, but use of nest sites was unrelated to variation in shrub cover. Nest sites with more burrow entrances were more frequently used by radiocollared cavies. During the day, home ranges of cavies overlapped more with ranges of nest mates than with those of non-nest mates, implying that nesting groups were socially cohesive units. This study confirmed that southern mountain cavies are communally nesting, and, because communal nesting occurs during breeding time, our findings support the idea that cavies engage in communal care of young.
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    One for all and all for one: phenotype assortment and reproductive success in masculinized females
    (2021) Correa, Loreto A.; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Ly-Prieto, Alvaro; Abades, Sebastian; Hayes, Loren D.; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio; Ebensperger, Luis A.
    Homophily by morphological and behavioral traits has been described in several species of vertebrates, but its functional consequences remain poorly studied. Homophily by plurally breeding females may improve direct fitness by enhancing reproductive success. Female mammals may exhibit phenotypical masculinization due to exposure to androgens during early development, a condition that is associated with maternal performance during subsequent breeding. Our goal was to assess whether female composition (in terms of masculinization) of plurally breeding groups influences female fitness in a natural population of degus (Octodon degus). We assessed if plurally breeding female degus assort themselves by anogenital distance (AGD), an accurate measure of masculinization level. We also quantified if homophily by AGD phenotype affects female reproductive success and the reproductive output of the group. Plurally breeding groups typically included similarly masculinized (i.e., long AGD) females or similarly feminized (short AGD) females, indicating a strong degree of homophily. Females weaned more offspring in plurally breeding groups with more masculinized females. Additionally, standardized variance in the number of offspring weaned decreased in plurally breeding groups with mostly masculinized females, indicating greater reproductive equality in these groups. We conclude that female degus organize into homophilic social groups of similar AGD, and that social groups of masculinized females exhibit a higher reproductive success.
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    Social environment and anogenital distance length phenotype interact to explain testosterone levels in a communally rearing rodent: Part 1: The male side
    (2024) Correa, Loreto A.; Aspillaga-Cid, Antonia; Bauer, Carolyn M.; Silva-Alvarez, Danna; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio; Hayes, Loren D.; Ebensperger, Luis A.
    In vertebrates, male testosterone levels vary across the year being generally higher during the mating season relative to the offspring rearing season. However, male testosterone levels may also be associated with male anogenital distance (AGD) length (a proxy of prenatal androgen exposition), and influenced by the social group environment. In social species, it has been proposed that high levels of testosterone could be incompatible with the development of an amicable social environment. Thus, in these species, it is predicted that males have relatively low levels of testosterone. Our goal was to examine the potential association between male serum testosterone levels, season, male AGD length, and the social environment in the rodent Octodon degus under natural conditions. We quantified male serum testosterone levels during the mating and offspring rearing seasons, and we determined the number of females and males in each social group, as well as the composition of groups, in terms of the AGD length of the female and male group mates, from 2009 to 2019. Our results revealed that male testosterone levels covary with season, being highest during the offspring rearing season. Additionally, male testosterone levels vary with male AGD length, and female and male social group environments. More importantly, male degus exhibit low levels of testosterone that are indistinguishable from female levels during offspring rearing season. Similar to other highly social mammals, where males and females live together yearround, male amicable behavior could be the best male mating strategy, thus leading to a reduction in circulating testosterone levels.
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    Social environment and anogenital distance length phenotype interact to explain testosterone levels in a communally rearing rodent: Part 2: The female side
    (2024) Correa, Loreto A.; Aspillaga-Cid, Antonia; Leon, Cecilia; Bauer, Carolyn M.; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Hayes, Loren D.; Soto-Gamboa, Mauricio; Ebensperger, Luis A.
    Testosterone is known as a "male" hormone; however, females also synthetize testosterone, which influences female sexual and aggressive behavior. In female vertebrates, as in males, testosterone levels can vary seasonally. However, female testosterone levels may also be related with female anogenital distance (AGD) length phenotype (a proxy of prenatal androgen exposure), and the social group environment. We used data from a long -term rodent study (2009-2019) in a natural population of degus (Octodon degus) to examine the potential associations between female serum testosterone levels, season, female AGD phenotype, and social group composition. We quantified female serum testosterone levels during the mating and offspring rearing seasons, and we determined the number of females and males in social groups, as well the composition of groups, in terms of the AGD of the female and male group mates. Our results indicate that female testosterone levels vary with season, being highest during the offspring rearing season. Additionally, female testosterone levels were associated with the number of male group-members and the AGD of male group-members but were not associated with female social environment and focal female AGD phenotype. Together, our results suggest that female testosterone levels are sensitive to intersexual interactions. Our results also reveal that female and male testosterone levels do not differ between the sexes, a finding previously reported only in rock hyraxes. We discuss how the complex social system of degus could be driving this physiological similarity between the sexes.
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    Sociality, glucocorticoids and direct fitness in the communally rearing rodent, Octodon degus
    (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2011) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Ramirez Estrada, Juan; Leon, Cecilia; Castro, Rodrigo A.; Ortiz Tolhuysen, Liliana; Sobrero, Raul; Quirici, Veronica; Burger, Joseph Robert; Soto Gamboa, Mauricio; Hayes, Loren D.
    While ecological causes of sociality (or group living) have been identified, proximate mechanisms remain less clear. Recently, close connections between sociality, glucocorticoid hormones (cart) and fitness have been hypothesized. In particular, cort levels would reflect a balance between fitness benefits and costs of group living, and therefore baseline coil levels would vary with sociality in a way opposite to the covariation between sociality and fitness. However, since reproductive effort may become a major determinant of stress responses (i.e., the cart-adaptation hypothesis), cort levels might also be expected to vary with sociality in a way similar to the covariation between sociality and fitness. We tested these expectations during three years in a natural population of the communally rearing degu, Octodon degus. During each year we quantified group membership, measured fecal cortisol metabolites (a proxy of baseline cort levels under natural conditions), and estimated direct fitness. We recorded that direct fitness decreases with group size in these animals. Secondly, neither group size nor the number of females (two proxies of sociality) influenced mean (or coefficient of variation, CV) baseline cortisol levels of adult females. In contrast, cortisol increased with per capita number of offspring produced and offspring surviving to breeding age during two out of three years examined. Together, our results imply that variation in glucocorticoid hormones is more linked to reproductive challenge than to the costs of group living. Most generally, our study provided independent support to the cort-adaptation hypothesis, according to which reproductive effort is a major determinant, yet temporally variable, influence on cart-fitness covariation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Socially unstable conditions experienced during development prime female Octodon degus to shape the phenotype of their own offspring
    (2021) Ebensperger, Luis A.; Gomez, Celeste; Aspillaga-Cid, Antonia; Leon, Cecilia; Ramirez-Estrada, Juan; Correa, Loreto A.; Vera, Daniela C.; Abades, Sebastian; Hayes, Loren D.
    Because residents and immigrants from group living species may experience fitness costs associated with permanent changes in group membership, we examined the hypothesis that females experiencing socially unstable or socially stable conditions during development compensate these costs by shaping the phenotype of their own offspring differently. Groups of adult females experiencing either socially stable or unstable conditions in the early social environment were assigned to either socially stable or unstable conditions in the social environment as adults. We quantified affiliative and agonistic interactions among the females during pregnancy and lactation of the focal female, maternal and allomaternal care, hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) acute stress response, and early offspring growth. Social instability during breeding enhanced agonistic interactions among adult females, and offspring that experienced socially unstable conditions exhibited enhanced offspring care, regardless of adult environments. Neither social behavior, offspring care, acute stress physiology, nor early growth was influenced by early or adult social stability conditions. These findings imply that socially unstable conditions prime developing females to shape the phenotype of their offspring to prevent negative effects of socially unstable environments.