Browsing by Author "Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres"

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    Approaching urban vulnerability to climate change induced risks in socio-environmentally fragmented areas – The case of Santiago de Chile
    (Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung (UFZ), 2015) Krellenberg, Kerstin; Link Lazo, Felipe Alejandro; Welz, Juliane; Barth, Katrin; Harris Jordan, Michael; Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres; Valenzuela, Felipe
    The present report contains the results of the initial working steps of the CLAVE project which is a) the theoretical combination of fragmentation and vulnerability, and b) the development of a methodology for assessing socio-environmental fragmentation and residential vulnerability in order to enhance the overall knowledge of urban vulnerability. This is seen as the primary prerequisite for the subsequent elaboration and implementation of local adaptation measures. The different methodological steps and in-depth analyses to be undertaken are described by using selected municipalities within the MAS. Chapter 2 focuses on describing the underlying problem of linking the theoretical approaches of fragmentation and vulnerability from a general point of view. Existing approaches presented by other authors are discussed, in order to link as well as distinguish the work presented here with/from others. Chapter 3 shows how the concepts of fragmentation and vulnerability are interlinked from the project’s point of view. Chapter 4 describes the theoretical background of climate change adaptation and adaptive capacity in order to allow a better understanding of both the CLAVE project approach and its application. The case study, the MAS, is described and illustrated in Chapter 5 by providing a general overview of the city together with existing findings with regard to fragmentation and vulnerability. This chapter thereby explains the context in which the approach is to be applied. Chapter 6 presents the project’s methodological framework with its three-stage approach as an integrated assessment of urban vulnerability to climate change. Options for validating the approach are likewise discussed. Chapter 7 summarizes the main conclusions and provides an outlook by describing success stories and lessons learned for validating the theoretical approach. The development of strategies to deal with future climate change in these and other regions worldwide is discussed.
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    From crisis to stability and back again: the fragility of environmental governance in the Chilean salmon industry
    (2021) Bustos Gallardo, Beatriz; Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres
    In the last two decades, the 2008 Infectious Salmon Anemia (ISA) virus and the 2016 algal blooms crises have placed the Chilean salmon industry at risk and tested the capacity of its governance mechanisms to solve environmental and economic contradictions and ensure the industry's continuity and its sustainability. Although in the 2008 crisis the state redefined mechanisms of property, control and access to natural resources to strengthen the resilience of the salmon industry, the lessons learned by the system and the community between one crisis and the next were not enough to avoid a new crisis. Chile's existing governance mechanisms are reactive and not proactive and, therefore, their capacity to lead the industry towards long-term sustainable practices is flawed.
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    Global Salmon Networks: Unpacking Ecological Contradictions at the Production Stage
    (2019) Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres; Bustos Gallardo, Beatriz
    Firms’ strategies for turning nature into commodities are heavily oriented toward reducing the ecological indeterminacy of the production process by controlling its biophysical properties to ensure that nature commodification leads to a profitable business. However, research on global production networks (GPNs) has not focused on firms’ strategies in controlling the impacts of biophysical properties on the production network’s organization. This article aims to fill this gap by reviewing the literature on GPN and resource geographies on nature’s transformation into commodities to show how, in resource-based industries, ecological contradictions establish the territorial embeddedness and value dynamics of the production network. This article empirically examines the production of Atlantic salmon in Chile and how firms’ strategies for handling the ecological contradictions after an economic crisis (infectious salmon anemia virus crisis) changed the spatial production network’s organization and constrained the value-creation process. The results of this work aid in the understanding of firms’ strategies at the production stage as drivers of the continuities and changes in production networks. Finally, the connection between value dynamics and ecological contradictions opens a set of challenges to this research agenda.
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    Global Salmon Networks: Unpacking Ecological Contradictions at the Production Stage
    (2019) Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres; Bustos Gallardo, Beatriz
    Firms’ strategies for turning nature into commodities are heavily oriented toward reducing the ecological indeterminacy of the production process by controlling its biophysical properties to ensure that nature commodification leads to a profitable business. However, research on global production networks (GPNs) has not focused on firms’ strategies in controlling the impacts of biophysical properties on the production network’s organization. This article aims to fill this gap by reviewing the literature on GPN and resource geographies on nature’s transformation into commodities to show how, in resource-based industries, ecological contradictions establish the territorial embeddedness and value dynamics of the production network. This article empirically examines the production of Atlantic salmon in Chile and how firms’ strategies for handling the ecological contradictions after an economic crisis (infectious salmon anemia virus crisis) changed the spatial production network’s organization and constrained the value-creation process. The results of this work aid in the understanding of firms’ strategies at the production stage as drivers of the continuities and changes in production networks. Finally, the connection between value dynamics and ecological contradictions opens a set of challenges to this research agenda.
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    Industria del gas natural, distribución de renta y desigualdades territoriales en Perú y Bolivia
    (RIMISP, 2020) Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres
    El presente trabajo discute la relación entre la industria del gas natural y los territorios de extracción en Perú y Bolivia. Para ese propósito, el trabajo aborda dos procesos paralelos mediante los cuales la industria del gas natural se articula con los territorios de extracción. Por un lado, analiza la organización de la industria respecto a la participación de empresas nacionales e internacionales en las distintas actividades asociadas a la cadena de producción. Por otro, estudia la distribución de la renta del gas natural desde el gobierno central hacia los niveles subnacionales, donde se extrae el recurso, abordando de qué manera esta renta es utilizada y cómo impacta en los territorios de extracción. En base a esos dos procesos, el trabajo estudia cómo la industria del gas natural produce distintas formas de desigualdades territoriales.El documento aborda específicamente las dinámicas del departamento de Tarija, en Bolivia, desde donde se ha extraído un porcentaje cercano al 70% de los hidrocarburos durante la última década, y el distrito de Echarate en la Provincia de La Convención, en Perú, donde se emplaza prácticamente la totalidad de la producción de gas natural en dicho país. Por un lado, se contrasta que, si bien en Bolivia hay una mayor participación de empresas nacionales en servicios especializados, estas se concentran en a la ciudad de Santa Cruz de la Sierra y la participación de empresas cercanas a los sitios de extracción es reducida. En Perú hay una menor participación de empresas nacionales, y la vinculación de las zonas de extracción es prácticamente nula. Por otro lado, en ambos casos se observa que los gobiernos subnacionales recibieron abultados ingresos por gas natural, y que estos ingresos fueron principalmente movilizados mediante obras de infraestructura. Esto produjo desigualdades territoriales asociadas a la distribución de la infraestructura al interior de las unidades subnacionales, lo que consecutivamente tendió a reconfiguraciones en la geografía política subnacional.
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    Introduction: Resource peripheries in the global economy
    (Springer Nature, 2021) Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe Andres; Arias Loyola, Martín
    The relation between resource extraction and the places in which extraction takes place has been a long-standing issue for academic, social and political debates. The paths through which resource extraction alter developmental dynamics, the everyday life of the local population and the environmental context have called the attention of social science since its origins. Despite the long-standing dimensions, which have been in the spotlight, contemporary political, economic and social changes demand revising the way in which resource extraction connects global production with the places where extraction occurs, here referred to as resource peripheries. This introduction critically revisits the academic debate about resource peripheries, asking to move forward from an understanding of resource peripheries as local models, towards a dynamic approach that allows grasping the socio-spatial relations that make the extraction places peripheral. For doing so, this section proposes three core dimensions that must be revisited in the research about resource peripheries: (i) changes in how contemporary capitalism is organizing production through globalized value chains; (ii) the re-scalation of political dynamics, which shape the economic organization of the places of extraction; and (iii) emergent issues, such as long-distance commuting, climate change and human rights