Browsing by Author "Gonzalez, Felipe"

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    Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
    (SOC MEDICA SANTIAGO, 2019) Sepúlveda Varela, Pablo Andrés; Ortega, Juan; Armijo, German; Torres, Jose; Ramirez, Pablo; Backhouse, Christian; Vargas, Cesar; Lopez, Leonel; Gonzalez, Felipe; Puentes, Angel; Donoso, Hernan; Bellet, Augusto; Godoy, Diego; Araya, Mario; Luz Andrade, Carmen; Pablo Molina, Juan; Nazzal, Carolina
    Background: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a therapeutic alternative for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Aim: To report the initial experience with the "refined BPA technique" with the use of intravascular images. Patients and Methods: Between June 2015 and June 2016 we selected fourteen patients with CTEPH who were considered candidates for BPA. Lesions targeted for treatment were further analyzed using intravascular imaging with optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI). We report the immediate hemodynamic results and four weeks of follow-up of the first eight patients of this series. Results: We performed 16 BPA in eight patients aged 61 +/- 14 years (88% women). Mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) was 48.6 +/- 5.8 mmHg. Success was achieved in seven patients (88%). A mean of 2.3 segments per patient were intervened in 11 sessions (1.6 sessions/patient). Only one patient developed lung reperfusion injury. No mortality was associated with the procedure. After the last BPA session, PAPm decreased to 37.4 +/- 8.6 mmHg (p=0.02). Pulmonary vascular resistance (RVP) decreased from 858,6 +/- 377,0 at baseline to 516,6 +/- 323,3 Dynes/sec/cm(-5) (p<0.01) and the cardiac index increased from 2.4 +/- 0.6 at baseline to 2.8 +/- 0.3 L/min/m(2) (p=0.01). At 4 weeks after the last BPA, WHO functional class improved from 3.3 +/- 0.5 to 2.5 +/- 0.5 (p<0,01) and six minutes walking distance from 331 +/- 92 to 451 +/- 149 m (p=0.01). Conclusions: BPA guided by OFDI for the treatment of inoperable CTEPH patients is a safe alternative with excellent immediate hemodynamic and clinical results.
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    Collective Action and Policy Implementation: Evidence from Salvador Allende's Expropriations
    (2021) Gonzalez, Felipe; Vial, Felipe
    The Cold War triggered the appearance of U.S.-sponsored re-distributive policies in Latin America with the goal of decreasing the influence of the Soviet Union. We study how organized groups of workers increased the intensity of one of the largest programs of the time, Salvador Allende's land reform in Chile (1970-1973). Using original data in an event study research design, we find that the local political actions of workers-proxied by land invasions-affected the intensity and location of expropriations. We argue this result can be explained by a threat of political unrest.
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    Lost in transition? The persistence of dictatorship mayors
    (2021) Gonzalez, Felipe; Munoz, Pablo; Prem, Mounu
    We look at Chile's transition to democracy in 1990 to study the persistence of authoritarian politics at the local level. Using new data on the universe of mayors appointed by the Pinochet dictatorship (1973-1990) and leveraging on the arbitrary election rules that characterized the first local election in 1992, we present two main findings. First, dictatorship mayors obtained a vote premium that is larger among the last wave of incumbents and appears partially explained by an increase in local spending. Second, dictatorship mayors who were democratically elected in 1992 brought votes for the parties that collaborated with the dictatorship in subsequent elections held in democracy. These results show that the body of politicians appointed by a dictatorship can contribute to the persistence of elites and institutions.
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    Police Violence, Student Protests, and Educational Performance
    (2024) Gonzalez, Felipe; Prem, Mounu
    We study the protest behavior of teenagers linked to a student killed by a stray bullet coming from a policeman in Chile. We use administrative data to follow the schoolmates of the victim and those living near the shooting on hundreds of protest and nonprotest days. We find that police violence causes lower protest participation in street rallies but more adherence to test boycotts. These effects appear among schoolmates of the victim and not among students living near the killing. Negative educational consequences suffered by the schoolmates combined with previous results suggest that psychological mechanisms are a plausible explanation.
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    Railroads, specialization, and population growth: evidence from the first globalization
    (2021) Forero, Andres; Gallego, Francisco A.; Gonzalez, Felipe; Tapia, Matias
    We explore how railroads affected population growth during the first globalization (1865-1920) in Chile. We look at areas with a strong comparative advantage in agriculture using novel data that document 60 years of railroad construction. Using instrumental variables, we present four main findings. First, railroads increased both urban and rural population growth. Second, the impact was stronger in areas with more potential for agricultural expansion. Third, railroads increased specialization in agriculture when combined with a high level of the real exchange rate. And fourth, railroads had little effect on human capital and fertility. These results suggest that the effects of transportation technologies depend on existing macroeconomic conditions.
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    River-damming landslides during the 1960 Chile earthquake (M9.5) and earlier events: implications for risk assessment in the San Pedro River basin
    (2024) Araya-Cornejo, Cristian; Carvajal, Matias; Melnick, Daniel; Moernaut, Jasper; Araya, Cesar; Gonzalez, Felipe
    Damming rivers by landslides and ensuing outburst flooding is a common and potentially hazardous phenomenon worldwide, especially in tectonically active regions. Remarkable examples are the damming of the upper course of the San Pedro River (SPR) in south Chile during the 1960 Chile earthquake (M9.5) and its predecessor in 1575. Outburst floods following both events had tragic consequences for downstream communities. Here, we study both events from multiple sources of information, including previously published and newly found historical records, satellite imagery, LiDAR topography, and sedimentological and geomorphological field observations. We present the first detailed geomorphic map of the region. Morphological similarities between ancient deposits at the SPR and those associated with the 1960 earthquake suggest that the SPR has been dammed repeatedly in the past. The steep incision of the SPR and the sediments of glacio-lacustrine origin in the surrounding slopes facilitate the initiation of large landslides. The knowledge gained from studying these past events provides important implications for future risk assessments. We propose that besides large earthquakes, smaller and more frequent earthquakes as well as changes in land use, can also result in river-damming events.
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    The Geography of Repression and Opposition to Autocracy
    (2023) Bautista, Maria Angelica; Gonzalez, Felipe; Martinez, Luis R.; Munoz, Pablo; Prem, Mounu
    State repression is a prominent feature of nondemocracies, but its effectiveness in quieting dissent and fostering regime survival remains unclear. We exploit the location of military bases before the coup that brought Augusto Pinochet to power in Chile in 1973, which is uncorrelated to precoup electoral outcomes, and show that counties near these bases experienced more killings and forced disappearances at the hands of the government during the dictatorship. Our main result is that residents of counties close to military bases both registered to vote and voted "No" to Pinochet's continuation in power at higher rates in the crucial 1988 plebiscite that bolstered the democratic transition. Potential mechanisms include informational frictions on the intensity of repression in counties far from bases and shifts in preferences caused by increased proximity to the events. Election outcomes after democratization show no lasting change in political preferences.
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    The Impacts of COVID-19 Restrictions on Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY): Heterogeneous effects and post-pandemic recovery
    (2024) Atal, Raimundo; Bedregal, Paula; Carrasco, Jose A.; Gonzalez, Felipe; Harrison, Rodrigo; Vizcaya, Cecilia
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