Browsing by Author "Gayo, Modesto"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
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    Clases medias en tiempos de crisis: vulnerabilidad persistente, desafíos para la cohesión y un nuevo pacto social en Chile
    (CEPAL, 2021) Barozet, Emmanuelle; Contreras, Dante; Espinoza, Vicente; Gayo, Modesto; Méndez, María Luisa
    En este documento se abordan las características y la vulnerabilidad de las clases medias en Chile, temática que ha cobrado gran relevancia en el marco de la doble crisis ocasionada por las manifestaciones sociales que se iniciaron en octubre de 2019 y la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) a partir de marzo de 2020. En el estudio se analiza la relativa fragilidad de las clases medias sobre la base de la noción de cohesión social y se revisan las condiciones actualmente existentes para la definición de un nuevo pacto social en el país que considere a las clases medias como uno de sus protagonistas. El análisis se basa en datos estadísticos públicos nacionales e internacionales, así como en datos de las encuestas aplicadas en el marco del Estudio Longitudinal Social de Chile (ELSOC) que desarrolla el Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES).
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    Estratificación, desigualdad y pacto social en el Chile actual: evaluaciones y preferencias de la población para la política pública
    (CEPAL, 2023) Méndez Layera, María Luisa; Barozet, Emmanuelle; Espinoza Espinoza, Vicente Iván; Contreras, Dante; Gayo, Modesto; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Chile; UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO; Universidad de Chile; Universidad Diego Portales
    En este informe se analiza la forma en que la estructura social imperante en Chile se vincula con las brechas sociales y los consensos con respecto a la justicia social. Se ofrece un panorama general sobre la estratificación y la desigualdad y el impacto de ambas en la política pública. De esta forma, el estudio contribuye a profundizar el debate sobre estratificación social en Chile, caracterizando a los estratos sociales en relación con su orientación política, y revelando las diferencias y zonas grises que se observan en la población chilena respecto a sus percepciones individuales y sus preferencias políticas, con el foco puesto en la coyuntura de los últimos años. Esta coyuntura ha tenido un efecto en el alineamiento político de la población chilena y en sus preferencias respecto del tipo de pacto social que necesita el país. Todo esto en un contexto económico difícil y menos posibilidades de movilidad social a través de la educación.
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    Fragmentación ideológica de la elite en Chile
    (2022) Gayo, Modesto; Mendez Layera, Maria Luisa
    This article is titled “Ideological fragmentation of the elite in Chile”. It offers results of a research about the privilege in Chilean society, sociologically composed by entrepreneurs, managers and professionals. Based upon sociological and politological contributions, it studies political divides within the upper class and upper middle class. In order to do that, it uses a methodological approach which combines quantitative (multiple correspondence analysis) and qualitative (in-depth interviews) techniques, along with geographical tools (maps). It concludes that the Chilean elite is strongly divided regarding the views about the changes that challege the country, showing an internal fragmentation by age and above all political ideology.
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    Neighbourhood cohesion as a form of privilege
    (2020) Méndez, María Luisa; Otero, Gabriel; Link, Felipe; López Morales, Ernesto; Gayo, Modesto
    Contrary to the idea that neighbourhood cohesion is something that inherently benefits the poor or counterbalances the forces of social exclusion, in this article we argue that it can also function as a mechanism of cumulative advantage. In order to explore this proposal, we offer a definition and key dimensions of neighbourhood cohesion based on three components: place attachment, local relations and commitment to the local common good. We test our proposal in a highly segregated Latin American city: Santiago, Chile. A combination of survey data and georeferenced information was obtained from a random sample of 700 residents. The results reveal the existence of four neighbourhood cohesion types: Communitarians, Belongers, Strangers and Outsiders. As expected, we found that people who reside in affluent areas and perceive themselves to live in more reputable neighbourhoods are those who report the strongest patterns of neighbourhood cohesion. We conclude by questioning the scope and effectiveness of policies which have promoted neighbourhood cohesion as a ‘tool’ of governance without first attempting to reduce socio-spatial rifts. We also ask whether these notable spatial differences in neighbourhood cohesion contribute to improving the overall social cohesion at the city level.
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    El nuevo régimen de las prácticas culturales
    (RiL Editores, 2021) Gayo, Modesto; Méndez Layera, María Luisa; Radakovich, Rosario; Wortman, Ana
    Este libro es el producto de una confluencia de niveles de análisis. Con el objetivo de completar una sociología que construye sus explicaciones desde características mayormente del individuo, se propone la necesidad de dar cuenta de la práctica cultural desde dimensiones macro (cambios tecnológicos y económicos), meso (desigualdades socioeconómicas y el espacio) y micro (subjetividades) sociales.El objetivo es contribuir a entender las extensas y profundas transformaciones que se han producido en el ámbito del gusto y la participación cultural durante las últimas décadas. Si el cambio nunca se detiene, hacemos una radiografía del ocurrido desde mediados del siglo XX hasta la actualidad en el Cono Sur de América.
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    Socialization into Politics: Parental Position-Taking and Value Formation in Children among Elite and Non-Elite Groups
    (Routledge, 2023) Gayo, Modesto; Mendez Layera, Maria Luisa
    In this chapter we trace individuals’ political subjectivities back to their social background and to the parenting they received as children. In seeking the roots of political socialisation, we raise the question of possible trajectories in the future. Political socialisation is not only about transmitting and sharing similar socio-political views; it also refers to a learning process of political embodiment through practices that are context-specific. In this chapter we also analyse data on intergenerational practices of political mobilisation and ideological positioning and participation. We combine these dimensions with the political orientations/subjectivities developed in previous chapters (Networked Pragmatism, Individualised, Communitarian Individualism). New historical circumstances, even those conceived as essential parts of globalised narratives concerning common trends, cannot be framed as simple causes of worldviews at stake today. As such, neoliberal subjectivities should be explained not only as a derivation of something that happens at the macro-level, but as a fragmented and diverse dynamic that has to do significantly with the emergence of socio-political views that grow in intimate connection with pre-existing ideologies and political practices that were part of a certain habitus or generally under-scrutinised perspective of social life rooted in the histories of families.
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    The Politics of the Elite: Ideological Orientations, Mothering, and Social Mobilities in Neoliberal Chile
    (Taylor and Francis, 2023) Gayo, Modesto; Méndez Layera, María Luisa
    This book is a study of class formation at the top of the social hierarchies during the turbulent and changing early twenty-first century. Contrary to perceptions that privileged individuals exist according to little more than market and economic logics, the book provides evidence that they are by no means absent from politics and civic engagement. Adopting a focus on reproduction, distinction, and politics, it delves into the complex relationship between cohesion and fragmentation that exists within the most privileged groups formed over the course of the contemporary neoliberal period. By knitting a dialogue between spatial analysis, multiple correspondence analysis, and in-depth interviews, the book provides insights into the intricate relations between institutions and political subjectivities, and the role of space and mothering in the political socialisation of Chile’s most privileged families. The result is a dense description of a social class fragmented by subtle ideological lines based upon economic inheritance, socialisation within homogeneous family environments, paths into the labour market, and social and political activities. This book will constitute a much-needed research resource for academics, students, and professionals in areas such as elite studies, social stratification, inequality, social reproduction, accumulation, political socialisation, and contemporary conservative/progressive views.
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    Upper Middle Class Social Reproduction: Wealth, Schooling, and Residential Choice in Chile
    (Palgrave Pivot Series, 2019) Mendez Layera, María Luisa; Gayo, Modesto
    In the contemporary context of increasing inequality and various forms of segregation, this volume analyzes the transition to neoliberal politics in Santiago de Chile. Using an innovative methodological approach that combines georeferenced data and multi-stage cluster analysis, Méndez and Gayo study the old and new mechanisms of social reproduction among the upper middle class. In so doing, they not only capture the interconnections between macro- and microsocial dimensions such as urban dynamics, schooling demands, cultural repertoires and socio-spatial trajectories, but also offer a detailed account of elite formation, intergenerational accumulation, and economic, cultural, and social inheritance dynamics.