Browsing by Author "Fløysand, Arnt"

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    Foreign direct investment, local development and poverty reduction: the sustainability of the salmon industry in Southern Chile
    (2014) Fløysand, Arnt; Barton, Jonathan Richard
    The rate of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has risen dramatically during the past three decades; developing countries’ inward stock of FDI amounted to about 30 per cent of their GDP in 2009, compared to just 12 per cent in 1980 (UNCTAD 2011). This has led to a great deal of optimism that FDI can provide a potential for economic development and poverty reduction. However, this potential depends on how FDI interacts with the environment in which the investments take place (Lall and Narula 2004, Moran et al. 2005). To discuss these types of interaction, we propose an analytical framework approaching FDI as consisting of capital, actors and knowledge, or what we call the capital–actor–knowledge complex.
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    Resource extraction and local justice in Chile: Conflicts over the commodification of spaces and the sustainable development of places
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Román Castillo, Alvaro Javier; Fløysand, Arnt
    As democracy has become more consolidated in Chile, there has been an emergence of socio-environmental conflicts, indicative of the desire of local actors to oppose large-scale projects associated with “national development” that do not satisfy local development needs. This can be seen as a conflict between two different visions of development, one based on local resources and sustainable development of places, the other based on nonlocal capital and the commodification of spaces. Chile remains wedded to natural resource extraction for its export-oriented economic model, despite its recognition as a Latin American “jaguar” economy since the early 1980s (Borregaard, Volpi, Blanco, Wautiez, & Matte-Baker, 1999). Over 80 percent of its exports are based on minerals, agriculture, and fisheries; most of these have a relatively low level of added value (ProChile, 2010). The intensity of extraction and harvesting to fuel this growth has led to concerns over the sustainability of different sectors and the economy itself. Since the return to democracy in 1990, these criticisms have become more vocal and globalization has facilitated international alliances to channel these claims (Kousary, Murray, & Barton, 2009; Martínez, 2003). These criticisms relate to environmental and social justice issues that can be defined as claims for local sustainable development.
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    The Political Ecology of Chilean Salmon Aquaculture, 1982-2010: a trajectory from economic development to global sustainability
    (2010) Barton, Jonathan Richard; Fløysand, Arnt
    Through the case of the salmon aquaculture sector in Chile, the risks involved in the development of a non-traditional export sector are reviewed, in order to point to failings (lessons not learned) and opportunities (lessons learned, new plans), and the changing scales of stakeholder interactions. In particular the paper highlights the ways in which sustainability considerations have gained ground in terms of evaluating sectoral development and what is expected from this development. These considerations have emerged as a result of the increasing globalisation of the sector, through investment, exports and international 'attention' from an increasingly diverse set of stakeholders. These sustainability considerations have generated a range of conflicts linked to these diverse actors. The actors are local, national and global, operating through alliances to bring pressure on others. The conflicts relate to environmental quality, foreign direct investment (FDI), local socio-economic development, regional development, national economic strategies, and new globalised issues relating to the production and consumption of foodstuffs. The contemporary panorama in the sector is significantly different from the early origins in the 1980s under the dictatorship - the period of 'the socio-ecological silence' - also different from the 1990s period of economic expansion - 'the economic imperative'. Over the past twenty-five years, the Chilean aquaculture sector has evolved from experimental production to a major global industry. Regulatory frameworks and civil society awareness and mobilisation have struggled to 'catch up' with the dynamism of the sector, however the gap has reduced and the future of the sector within the contemporary context of 'glocal' sustainability is now under the microscope: the 'sustainable globalisation perspective'. The collapse of the sector during the period 2008-2010 as a consequence of the ISA virus is a key moment with production severely diminished. The way out of the crisis, via new legislation and inspection regimes, will create a new structure of aquaculture governance. Nevertheless, the crisis marks a turning point in the industry, revealing the weaknesses built into the former productive system. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.