Browsing by Author "Cuadrado, Cristobal"
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- Item2018 Chilean Physical Activity Report Card for Children and Adolescents: Full Report and International Comparisons(2020) Aguilar-Farias, Nicolas; Miranda-Marquez, Sebastian; Martino-Fuentealba, Pia; Sadarangani, Kabir P.; Chandia-Poblete, Damian; Mella-Garcia, Camila; Carcamo-Oyarzun, Jaime; Cristi-Montero, Carlos; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Fernando; Delgado-Floody, Pedro; Von Oetinger, Astrid; Balboa-Castillo, Teresa; Pena, Sebastian; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Bedregal, Paula; Celis-Morales, Carlos; Garcia-Hermoso, Antonio; Cortinez-O'Ryan, AndreaBackground: The study summarizes the findings of the 2018 Chilean Report Card (RC) on Physical Activity (PA) for Children and Adolescents and compares the results with the first Chilean RC and with other countries from the Global Matrix 3.0. Methods: A Research Work Group using a standardized methodology from the Global Matrix 3.0 awarded grades for 13 PA-related indicators based on the percentage of compliance for defined benchmarks. Different public data sets, government reports, and papers informed the indicators. Results: The grades assigned were for (1) "behaviors that contribute to overall PA levels": overall PA, D-; organized sport participation, D-; active play. INC; and active transportation, F; (2) "factors associated with cardiometabolic risk": sedentary behavior, C-; overweight and obesity, F; fitness, D; sleep, INC; and (3) "factors that influence PA": family and peers, F; school, D; inclusion, INC; community and built environment, B; government strategies and investments, B-. Conclusions: Chile's grades remained low compared with the first RC. On the positive side, Chile is advancing in environmental and policy aspects. Our findings indicate that the implementation of new strategies should be developed through collaboration between different sectors to maximize effective investments for increasing PA and decreasing sedentary time among children and adolescents in Chile.
- ItemAssociation Between Adolescent Suicide and Sociodemographic Factors in Chile Cross-Sectional Ecological Study(HOGREFE & HUBER PUBLISHERS, 2015) Cuadrado, Cristobal; Zitko, Pedro; Covarrubias, Trinidad; Hernandez, Dunia; Sade, Cristina; Klein, Carolina; Gomez, AlejandroBackground: Adolescent suicide rates (ASR) are a matter of concern worldwide. Causes of this trend are not understood and could correspond to socioeconomic factors such as inequality. Aim: To investigate sociodemographic variables related to ASR, particularly the potential association with indicators of socioeconomic inequality. Method: Cross-sectional ecological study analyzing data from 29 health districts with univariate and multivariable multilevel Poisson models. Results: ASR were higher in male adolescents and at increasing age. No association was found between ASR and inequality (Gini coefficient and 20/20 ratio). Analysis revealed that living in a single-parent family is associated with ASR. Conclusions: The usual demographic patterns of adolescent suicide apply in Chile. An emerging variable of interest is single-parent family. No cross-sectional association between social inequality and ASR was found based on conflicting evidence. These results should be explored in future prospective population studies to further understand associated social factors.
- ItemEffectiveness and duration of a second COVID-19 vaccine booster(2022) Jara, Alejandro; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; García, Christian; Najera, Manuel; Bertoglia, María Paz; Vergara, Verónica; Fernández, Jorge; García, Heriberto; Araos, RafaelUsing a prospective national cohort of 3.75 million individuals aged 20 or older, we evaluated the effectiveness against COVID-19 related ICU admissions and death of mRNA-based second vaccine boosters for four different three-dose background regimes: BNT162b2 primary series plus a homologous booster, and CoronaVac primary series plus an mRNA booster, a homologous booster, and a ChAdOx-1 booster. We estimated the vaccine effectiveness weekly from February 14 to August 15, 2022, by estimating hazard ratios of immunization over non-vaccination, accounting for relevant confounders. The overall adjusted effectiveness of a second mRNA booster shot was 88.2% (95%CI, 86.2-89.9) and 90.5% (95%CI 89.4-91.4) against ICU admissions and death, respectively. Vaccine effectiveness showed a mild decrease for all regimens and outcomes, probably associated with the introduction of BA.4 and BA.5 Omicron sub-lineages and immunity waning. The duration of effectiveness suggests that no additional boosters are needed six months following a second booster shot.
- ItemProspective follow-up of chronic atrophic gastritis in a high-risk population for gastric cancer in latin america(2022) Latorre, Gonzalo; Silva, Felipe; Montero, Isabella; Bustamante, Miguel; Dukes, Eitan; Gandara, Vicente; Robles, Camila; Uribe, Javier; Corsi, Oscar; Crispi, Francisca; Espinoza Sepúlveda, Manuel Antonio; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Fuentes-Lopez, Eduardo; Shah, Shailja; Camargo, M. Constanza; Torres, Javiera; Roa, Juan Carlos; Corvalan, Alejandro H.; Candia, Roberto; Aguero, Carlos; Gonzalez, Robinson G.; Vargas Domínguez, José Ignacio; Espino, Alberto; Riquelme, ArnoldoBackground. Gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) is preceded by premalignant conditions such as chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) with or without gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). Endoscopic follow-up of these conditions has been proposed as a strategy for the detection of early-stage GA. Aim. To describe the risk of progression to gastric dysplasia (GD) and early-stage GA of patients who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with gastric biopsies obtained following the updated Sydney System biopsy protocol (USSBP). Methods. We conducted a real-world, multicenter, prospective cohort study. Patients undergoing EGD surveillance with USSBP were enrolled between 2015 and 2021 from three endoscopy units at Santiago, Chile. Patients with prior history of GA or gastric resection were excluded. Follow-up surveillance schedule was determined by gastroenterologist in accordance with the Chilean Digestive Endoscopy Association Guidelines. CAG was confirmed by two expert GI pathologists and categorized by the Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment as stage 0 (normal) through stage IV (advanced stage). The primary endpoint was a composite of GD (low-grade, LGD or high-grade, HGD) or GA, while secondary endpoints were progression in OLGA and separate outcomes of LGD, HGD or GA. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the association between CAG +/- GIM and the outcomes, adjusted for age, sex and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection. Results. 600 patients were included in the cohort (64% female; mean age 58 years). At baseline 32.3% (n=194) had active Hp infection. OLGA stage was: 31% (n=184) OLGA 0, 48% (n=291) OLGA I-II and 21% (125) OLGA III-IV. GIM was identified in 52% (n=312) and autoimmune gastritis in 6.2% (n=37). Median follow-up was 28 months (IQR 17-42). During follow-up, 6 early-stage GA, 3 HGD and 6 LGD were observed. No advanced-stage GA was diagnosed. Only 19% (n=35) of baseline OLGA 0 patients progressed to OLGA I-IV, with <2% progressing to OLGA III/IV (Figure 1). Persistence of Hp infection (aOR 2.1; 95%CI 1.1-4.0) was independently associated with increase of at least 1 point in the OLGA scale during follow-up. GA/GD free survival at 3- years for OLGA 0, I-II and III-IV was 99.4%, 97.1% and 91.7%, respectively (p=0.0015) (Figure 2). Based on multivariable Cox regression, OLGA III-IV (vs. OLGA 0) was associated with a 12.1-fold (95%CI 1.5-97.4) higher risk of GA, while GIM was associated with a 13.0-fold (95%CI 1.7-101.2) higher risk, although the CI was wide; this was particularly between 2 and 3 years of follow-up. Discussion: These findings, including the observation that all GAs were early-stage, support endoscopic/histologic surveillance for patients with advanced OLGA stages or GIM, which is a common finding in patients with advanced CAG. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal time interval for surveillance.
- ItemResults from Chile's 2018 Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth(2018) Aguilar-Farias, Nicolas; Miranda-Marquez, Sebastian; Sadarangani, Kabir P.; Martino-Fuentealba, Pia; Cristi-Montero, Carlos; Carcamo-Oyarzun, Jaime; Delgado-Floody, Pedro; Chandia-Poblete, Damian; Mella-Garcia, Camila; Rodriguez-Rodriguez, Fernando; Von Oetinger, Astrid; Balboa-Castillo, Teresa; Pena, Sebastian; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Bedregal, Paula; Celis-Morales, Carlos; Garcia-Hermoso, Antonio; Cortinez-O'Ryan, Andrea
- ItemTaking Care of Each Other: How Can We Increase Compliance with Personal Protective Measures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Chile?(2021) Gerber, Monica M.; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Figueiredo, Ana; Crispi, Francisca; Jimenez-Moya, Gloria; Andrade, ValentinaIn the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, personal protective measures (e.g., social distancing, handwashing, and mask wearing) have been adopted as a cornerstone to limit the spread of the disease. Yet, the effectiveness of these measures depends on people's levels of adherence. In this article, we apply social-psychological research to the study of compliance with personal protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. We consider three possible models underlying adherence: (1) sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors, (2) instrumental factors, and (3) normative factors. We draw on data from a longitudinal nonrepresentative panel study (Study 1, n = 32,304) and a cross-sectional representative survey (Study 2, n = 1,078) to explore the impact of these different factors on personal protective measures compliance. Findings show the strongest support for the role of instrumental and normative factors, in that people who comply with protective measures report to a greater extent that relatives and friends comply too and tend to perceive high risk of COVID-19. We finish by proposing policy recommendations to promote effective strategies to contain the spread of the virus.
- ItemThe problem of estimation and forecasting of obesity prevalence using sparsely collected data(2024) Rojo-Gonzalez, Luis; Dunstan, Jocelyn; Cuadrado, Cristobal; Avalos, Denisse; Moraga-Correa, Javier; Troncoso, Nelson; Vasquez, oscar C.The problem of estimation and forecasting of population nutritional status has been addressed in the literature, showing successful results when the data are available and frequently collected over time. However, most low and middle -income countries collect nutritional status data sparsely, and consequently, the uncertainty/absence of information may negatively affect decisions from policymakers. In this context, the problem of estimation and forecasting of obesity prevalence using sparsely collected cross-sectional data is formally stated and a novel sequential approach to address it is proposed. Specifically, this work describes the nutritional status dynamics using a system of nonlinear difference equations, where the set of transition probabilities are unknown parameters due to the sparsely collected cross-sectional data. Then, an artificial neural network alike model is proposed through its equivalent nonlinear programming model, considering the difference equations system as constraints as well as bounds for the transition probabilities based on literature data. In addition, comprehensive data collection and information analysis processes to compute demographic parameters are defined. As the model is non -convex, an optimal solution is characterized and coined as stable; and thereafter assessed in terms of its goodness -of -fit. Computational experiments and a resolution scheme using a rollinghorizon forecasting/back-casting approach and divergence metrics is proposed. To illustrate the usefulness of this novel approach, Chile is used as a case study. Results show an accuracy up to 90%, forecasting the men and women obese population (BMI >= 30.0 kg/m2) for 2024, reaching 30.6% (95% CI: 28.4-32.8%) and 32.6% (95% CI: 29.1-36.0%), respectively.