Browsing by Author "Carvacho García, Héctor"
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- ItemAffective polarization and collective memory of the military coup(2024) Lay Martinez, Siugmin Paz; Manzi, Jorge; González, Roberto; Carvacho García, Héctor; Miranda, Daniel; Haye M., Andrés
- ItemDiderencias de género en los mecanismos explicativos de los cambios en la conducta delictiva de hombres y mujeres infractores de ley(2024) Condemarín Norambuena, Carolina; Carvacho García, Héctor; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Psicología
- ItemHistoria de la psicología comunitaria en Chile desde la clandestinidad a la política pública(Paidós, 2011) Krause Jacob, Mariane; Jaramillo Torrens, Andrea P.; Monreal Álvarez, María Verónica; Carvacho García, Héctor; Torres Peña, Alex
- ItemIdentifying different 'types' of participants in the Chilean student movement: A latent transition analysis of collective action intentions, social class and movement identification(Wiley, 2023) Alvarez, Belén; Jetten, Jolanda; Selvanathan, Hema Preya; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Carvacho García, HéctorAround the world, we witness not only growing levels of economic inequality but also the rise of protests whereby people from different social classes are demanding a more equal society. Our research uses a person-centered approach to examine subgroups of participants in a social movement against inequality on the basis of their social class, intention to participate in conventional and/or radical collective actions, and social identification with the movement. We used longitudinal data from the Chilean student movement (two time points; total N = 1226) to conduct latent profile and latent transition analysis. We identified four profiles of participants: (1) inactive supporters (mostly from the upper class), (2) low radicals (mostly from the middle class), (3) moderate radicals (mostly from the middle class), and (4) high radicals (mostly from the middle class). The four profiles were generally stable over the one-year period. We further found that group efficacy and a "nothing to lose" mindset predicted the profile membership of participants. Group efficacy also predicted transitions of participants between different profiles. Our findings highlight the key role that the middle class plays in diverse forms of collective action.
- ItemIs Support for Feminism Enough for Change? How Sexism and Gender Stereotypes Might Hinder Gender Justice(Frontiers Media S.A., 2022) Jiménez Moya, Gloria; Carvacho García, Héctor; Álvarez, Belén; Contreras, Camila; González Gutiérrez, RobertoEven though formal processes (i.e., gender quotes) are necessary to achieve gender justice, attitudinal changes (i.e., support of egalitarian social norms) are also essential. The endorsement of sexism and gender stereotypes perpetuate inequality on a daily basis, and can be seen as barriers that prevent societies from reaching social justice. Therefore, changing sexist social norms can be understood as a fundamental step in accomplishing gender justice. With the aim of studying Chileans' sexist norms, we conducted a survey with a representative sample (N = 490) exploring levels of sexism and gender stereotypes, as well as support for the feminist movement. Using Latent Profile Analysis, we identified four groups of citizens: (1) a first group that shows high levels of sexism and low support for the feminist movement (9%); (2) a second group, with low levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (20%); (3) a third group with high levels of sexism and high support for the feminist movement (65%); and (4) a fourth group with mid-levels of sexism and support of the feminist movement (6%). We called these groups the Sexist, Feminist, Inconsistent, and Moderate Group, respectively. The four groups showed similar high endorsement of gender stereotypes. These results are twofold. First, they hint that although nowadays gender equality seems to be generally accepted, this coexists with a high prevalence of sexist social norms, represented by the inconsistent group being the most prevalent. Second, gender stereotypes are still deeply rooted in Chilean culture, surprisingly even among feminist citizens.
- ItemPsychological processes underlying normative transformation and social change(2025) González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Carvacho García, Héctor; Tausch, NicoleThere have been widespread social changes in the past decade, including changes in gender norms, increases in political polarization and populism, and noticeable shifts toward sustainability. In this Review, we analyse the psychological processes that drive social change, considering factors at the group and individual levels of analysis. We centre our analysis around the concept of social norms — socially shared views of what is common or desirable — and argue that the processes that trigger social change often begin when there is a substantive tension between norms within society. Normative tension can occur vertically between norms at the societal level and the norms that emerge at the group level, or between individuals’ normative preferences and the norms of their groups. Normative tension can also occur horizontally between the norms that different groups have regarding their values, preferences and behaviours. We explain how normative tension mobilizes individuals to engage in collective action and how conflicting social norms are contested at the group level. We also highlight individual differences that predispose people to challenge or defend existing social norms. Together, our Review highlights the complex interactions between societal, group and individual-level variables in societal transformations.
- ItemSocial identities and conflict in Chile: the role of historical and political processes(Springer, 2016) Carvacho García, Héctor; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Gerber, Mónica M.In this chapter, we seek to integrate historical and contextual perspectives with socio-psychological theories to better understand the development of social identities and conflicts in Chile. Specifically, we analyse across different contexts, ethnic identity, national identity in the context of immigration, political, gender and social class identities. We address the historical background that gave rise to status and power differences, the nature of these intergroup relations and the conflicts associated with the groups involved. We conclude by arguing that in order for a modern society to tackle the challenges imposed by multiculturalism and social diversity, historical and political processes need to be considered, in addition to the needs of belonging, distinctiveness and factors that might threaten social identities. Fostering opportunities to experience positive intergroup encounters, in which, groups can learn from each other and more importantly, can live in peace without feeling threatened by the presence of other groups is seen as crucial.