Browsing by Author "Carpio Martínez, Manuel"

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    A comparative analysis of sustainable building assessment methods
    (2019) Díaz López, Carmen; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Martin Morales, María; Zamorano, Monserrat
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    A Global Review of Vegetation’s Interaction Effect on Urban Heat Mitigation Across Different Climates
    (2025) Moncada Morales, Guillermo Alejandro; Verichev, Konstantin; Lopez-Guerrero, Rafael E; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    The urbanisation process of cities disrupts the natural energy balance and surface radiation, making cities relatively warm. While vegetation has been widely recognised as a key factor in mitigating urban heat, its effectiveness is shaped by interactions with urban morphology, surface cover types, and the background climate. This paper presents a bibliometric analysis of studies examining the role of vegetation in mitigating urban heat, with a particular focus on its interactions within the urban environment across four major Köppen–Geiger climate groups: tropical, arid, temperate, and cold. A total of 130 publications were reviewed, categorised, and analysed according to geographic distribution, study period, and methodological approaches. This review identifies underexplored areas, synthesises key findings, and summarises the most significant results. Vegetation and water bodies emerged as primary contributors to heat mitigation, along with building configuration, wind speed, and shading. Temperate climates were the most frequently studied. Remote sensing was the predominant methodological approach, followed by fixed in situ observations. Meso-scale studies, examining entire cities and their surroundings, dominated in terms of spatial scale. This review offers methodological recommendations for analysing urban vegetation within the context of urban climate research. As climate change intensifies, it is increasingly important to design and implement adaptation strategies that incorporate but are not limited to vegetation. Such strategies are essential to supporting sustainable and resilient urban development in diverse climatic contexts.
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    Accuracy Assessment of The Urban Land Surface Temperature Calculation Based on Landsat-8/Oli Data (Case Study: Coyhaique, Chile)
    (IEEE, 2019) Verichev, Konstantin; Mikhaylyukova, Polina; Salimova, Alisa; Salazar, Cristian; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    The relationship between the values of the surface temperature retrieved from the Landsat-8/OLI satellite data and the values of the atmospheric temperature measured by NETAMO sensors in the urban environment of the Coyhaique city (Oct.2017Sep.2018) was analyzed.Based on the five satellite (one winter, one spring and three summer) images, the coefficient of the linear relationship determination between the two types of temperature was 0.85.
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    Adaptation and mitigation to climate change of envelope wall thermal insulation of residential buildings in a temperate oceanic climate
    (Elsevier, 2021) Verichev, Konstantin; Zamorano Toro, Montserrat; Fuentes-Sepúlveda, Armin; Cárdenas, Nadia; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    In the context of climate change, it is difficult to maintain the energy performance of houses, especially in countries with building codes that regulate the maximum allowed amount of energy that a building can consume. For this reason, there is a need for a review of building standards and adaptation to the context of energy performance in planning future projects. The objective of this research was to ascertain the thermal transmittance of external walls for single-family homes and to establish the energetically optimal thickness of thermal insulation by using an energy simulation to maintain heating energy consumption in conditions of climate change while following the state regulations in the Los Ríos region of Chile. It was demonstrated that for each time period and in each geographical location of the region the optimal U-value of the external walls is different. For a house to have a heating energy consumption corresponding to 90 kWh/m2/year, it must have an optimal average U-value of the walls of 0.49 ± 0.11 W/m2K (year 2006 in the study region); however, for the period 2035–2050, this value is expected to reach 0.78 ± 0.14 W/m2K. In addition, it was shown that designing the house with an energy performance perspective of 15 years helps to reduce the carbon footprint of the use of thermal insulation in the walls by 20%. The results obtained demonstrate the importance of considering the effects of future climate change in the housing design process in terms of both energy and environmental.
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    Análisis de envolventes térmicas en el sur de Chile y su influencia en la demanda energética y emisiones de $CO_2$
    (2018) Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Villanueva, Eduardo
    Chile, como la mayoría de los países, presenta un crecimiento continuo en la demanda de energía. Se han fomentado las políticas nacionales relacionadas al ahorro energético en el sector residencial. Una de las soluciones para mejorar el rendimiento energético de las edificaciones es disminuir la perdida de energía a través de la envolvente. En Chile, los requisitos de construcción los reglamenta la Ordenanza General de Urbanismo y Construcción. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar como diferentes soluciones constructivas tradicionales de la envolvente térmica influyen en la demanda energética y en las emisiones de CO2 en el sur de Chile. Tomando como casos de estudio las capitales regionales de las regiones más australes. La parte analítica de esta investigación consideró una vivienda unifamiliar y 9 tipos de envolventes térmicas tradicionales en que el registro de éstas data de edificaciones construidas desde antes de 1960 hasta la actualidad. Estos modelos fueron simulados en 5 zonas térmicas, obteniendo 45 casos de estudio. La temperatura de confort de las viviendas fue de 20 a 24°C. Los resultados muestran que existe una correlación lineal entre la demanda energética y emisiones de CO2. Se concluye que se puede llegar a reducir la demanda energética un 293% en la zona más cálida y un 248% en la zona más fría construyendo con una solución térmica que cumpla con los requisitos de la reglamentación
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    Analysis of sustainable certification strategies to mitigate the urban heat island efect in Douthern Chile
    (2022) Morales González, José Ignacio; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Verichev, Konstantin; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Escuela de Ingeniería
    Uno de los problemas del crecimiento urbano no planificado es la intensificación de la Isla de Calor Urbana (UHI), es decir, la temperatura es más alta en zonas urbanas que en zonas rurales circundantes. Sin embargo, existen estrategias de planificación urbana, como los sistemas de certificación de vecindarios sustentables, que pueden ser adecuados para mejorar el confort térmico exterior. No obstante, se ha identificado una alta rigurosidad y problemas de implementación en diferentes contextos. El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar la efectividad y rigurosidad de los criterios extraídos de los sistemas de certificación de vecindarios sustentables relacionados a la mitigación de la UHI mediante simulaciones de fluidos computacionales dinámicos de alta resolución de un vecindario ubicado en el sur de Chile durante el verano. Dos importantes certificados de vecindarios sustentables fueron seleccionados: LEED-ND y Green Star Communities. En general, ambas certificaciones fueron efectivas para mitigar el efecto de UHI. La máxima reducción de la mediana de los datos de UHI mediante las estrategias de LEEDND y Green Star Communities fue 0.57 °C y 0.76 °C, respectivamente. Debido a un análisis de sensibilidad realizado, se concluye que es posible reducir la exigencia de los criterios estudiados de estos dos sistemas de certificación.
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    Analysis of the scientific evolution of sustainable building assessment methods
    (2019) Díaz López, Carmen; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Martín Morales, María; Zamorano, Montserrat
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    Bibliometric Analysis of Urban Coastal Development: Strategies for Climate-Resilient Timber Housing
    (2024) Andrés García-Ruiz; Manuel Díez-Minguito; Konstantin Verichev; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    Urban development in coastal areas has become increasingly important due to the climatecrisis and its effects on sea level rise and extreme events, which increased the vulnerability of coastalzones. Therefore, it is important to analyze possible sustainable development techniques in urbanplanning and residential housing construction based on low-carbon footprint materials such astimber. These techniques should be capable of mitigating the effects of flooding and uncontrolledrises in coastal areas, as well as identifying normative and economic differences in their applicationin the Chilean context. For this purpose, a bibliometric analysis of 3882 articles selected from theWeb of Science database between 1987 and 2022 was conducted, allowing us to identify a range ofpossible solutions to be developed in the study area. This includes evaluating their potential fornormative application and a cost analysis of these solutions. In this regard, housing solutions suchas amphibious houses and houses on stilts are two types of flood-resistant homes that are gainingpopularity worldwide. Following the technical–economic analysis, it was observed that the solutionon stilts can be up to 50% more cost-effective to implement in Chile. However, both options offera promising solution to minimize the risks of coastal flooding and should be taken into account inthe urban planning of coastal areas.
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    Climatic zoning for building construction in a temperate climate of Chile
    (2018) Verichev, Konstantin; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
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    Dataset on solar contributions by thermal solar systems in Chile applying Chilean and Spanish regulations
    (2019) López-Ochoa, Luis M.; Verichev, Konstantin; Las-Heras-Casas, Jesús; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    The data presented in this article are related to the research article entitled "Solar domestic hot water regulation in the Latin American residential sector with the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive: The case of Chile" (Lopez-Ochoa et al., 2019), which evaluates the possibility of adapting Spanish solar domestic hot water regulations in Chile, with the objective of presenting the potential impact of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in Latin America. This dataset was made publicly available to show the possible energy savings with the thermal solar systems proposed to enable the use of these data by other researchers as well as designers, installers and decision-makers. (c) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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    Defining strategies to adopt Level(s) for bringing buildings into the circular economy. A case study of Spain
    (2020) Díaz-López, C.; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Martín-Morales, M.; Zamorano, M.
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    Dynamics of Built-Up Areas over The Past 30 Years According to Remote Sensing Data in the City of Valdivia, Chile
    (IEEE, 2018) Verichev, Konstantin; Mikhaylyukova, Polina; Salazar, Cristian; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    The dynamics of built-up areas over the last 30 years in the city of Valdivia was analyzed according to Landsat satellite imagery data. For ETM+/Landsat-7 and OLI/Landsat-8 instrumentation systems, method of automatic satellite image interpretation of build-up areas showed inaccuracy, less than 1%, compared to visual method. For TM/Landsat-5 instrumentation system, method of automatic satellite image interpretation of build-up areas demonstrated unsatisfactory results. Since 1987 and by the year 2017 the city's built-up areas increased by 61% with the population growth of 66% within the same time period.
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    Evaluating the impact of thermal bridges on the thermal performance of concrete and mass timber buildings. Case study in Chile
    (2025) Paz Pérez, José Alberto; López Guerrero, Rafael E.; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    In building energy performance, the complexity of building envelopes in some areas determines a multidirectional heat transfer phenomenon, which, if not considered, would underestimate the actual thermal losses in a building. These phenomena are known as thermal bridges (TBs), and the present study addresses this issue. However, current research on thermal bridges has focused mainly on concrete or masonry structures, with limited attention to mass-timber (MT) systems, despite their growing international attention as a sustainable solution. In addition, Chilean regulations, despite having the wood resource, lack stringent criteria for thermal bridge assessment. To address these limitations, this study evaluates the effect of thermal bridges on the façade performance for concrete and MT post-platform construction typologies, considering two light-frame timber enclosure configurations and two volume/surface ratios in three cold-climate zones of Chile. Results show that, when TBs are considered, with fixed external insulation thickness (te) and varying internal insulation thickness (ti) in the timber-frame enclosure, thermal losses in concrete buildings are 26 %–32 % higher than in MT buildings. In the second configuration, fixing the ti and increasing te led to a reduction of TB impact from 35 % to 17 % in the concrete structure, and from 8–10 % to 2–5 % in the MT structure. The findings reinforce the thermal efficiency of MT construction and the relevance of continuous external insulation. This study supports the need to update Chilean regulations and offers a replicable approach for similar cold-climate contexts.
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    Heritage, resilience and climate change : A fuzzy logic application in timber-framed masonry buildings in Valparaiso, Chile
    (2020) Prieto Ibáñez, Andrés José; Verichev, K.; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
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    Influence of degree days calculation methods on the optimum thermal insulation thickness in life-cycle cost analysis for building envelopes in Mediterranean and semi-Arid climates
    (2023) Verichev, Konstantin; Serrano-Jiménez, Antonio; Carpio Martínez, Manuel; Barrios-Padura, Ángela; Díaz-López, Carmen
    The life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is one of the most widely used and validated methods to identify the optimum insulation thickness of the building envelope. This method depends on two parameters—heating and cooling degree days (HDD, and CDD). There are various methods for HDD and CDD calculation, the results of which vary significantly depending on the climatic zone. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the optimum expanded polystyrene insulation thicknesses of a typical wall in Andalusia, Spain, obtained by the LCCA method to demonstrate variations and uncertainties of the results of the LCCA method based on HDD and CDD calculated by the “hourly”, UKMO, and ASHRAE methods, and with different base temperatures in the conditions of Mediterranean and Semi-Arid climates. On average, the HDD values calculated by using the ASHRAE method were lower, by 12.5%, than those calculated using UKMO and the “hourly” method. The CDD values calculated using the ASHRAE method were lower, by 29%, than those obtained using UKMO and the “hourly” method. Consequently, the optimum insulation thicknesses determined based on CDD and HDD calculated using the ASHRAE method were, on average, 14% underestimated compared with the thicknesses obtained using the UKMO and “hourly” methods. The results obtained showed that with an increase in the continentality of the climate, it becomes crucial to correctly use one or another method for calculating degree days to determine the optimum insulation of the building envelope using the LCCA method, which, in turn, requires the development of validation methods.
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    Influence of pavements on the urban heat island phenomenon : A scientific evolution analysis
    (2020) Carpio Martínez, Manuel; González Rojas, Alvaro; González Hormazabal, Marcelo Andrés; Verichev, K.
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    Intense drought and vegetation browning exacerbate air temperature rise in unirrigated peri-urban areas under global warming
    (2025) Moncada Morales, Guillermo Alejandro; Livesley, Stephen J.; Nice, Kerry A.; Pianella, Andrea; Carpio Martínez, Manuel
    Cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change, which continues to drive rising air temperatures. The morphology of a city also influences local climate through diverse surface properties and configurations, leading to diverse responses to warming trends. We examined the impact of climate change on Santiago, Chile, a valley city with a semi-arid climate. Near-surface air temperature and rainfall data from Chile’s Bureau of Meteorology over the past 63 years were collected from three different local climate zones (LCZs) in a peri-urban, urban park, and residential areas. The research employed regression analysis, a seasonal time series model, and standardised anomalies to assess air temperature and rainfall trends. Results show that the peri-urban area has experienced the highest rate of warming and the greatest decline in rainfall, alongside a doubling of the warming rate in recent years. Discrepancies in maximum and minimum temperature trends resulted in varying daily temperature ranges (DTR) across LCZs. The peri-urban area also displayed significant intra-annual variability in air temperature and rainfall, leading to trend variations over the years in contrast to the other LCZs. Our findings underscore the accentuated impact of climate change in the peri-urban area due to its permeable bare soil surfaces with an increase of 0.36°C per decade of warming, compared to the areas characterised by impermeable surfaces and well-irrigated green spaces of 0.25°C per decade on average. It highlights the importance of analysing urban air temperatures through LCZ classifications, challenging the conventional urban-rural temperature dichotomy that underpins urban heat island assessments.