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Browsing by Author "Carpio, Manuel "

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Adaptation of rural residential buildings in a Mediterranean climate to climate change: A case study of La Rioja (Spain)
(2024) Lopez-Ochoa, Luis M.; Las-Heras-Casas, Jesus; Carpio, Manuel; Sagredo-Blanco, Enrique
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing the building sector and rural areas in particular should be prioritised due to their special characteristics. In this work, ways to adapt rural residential buildings in a Mediterranean climate to climate change via energy renovation were studied, taking La Rioja (Spain) as a case study. Different energy renovation solutions were evaluated under different climate change scenarios considering the possible evolution of the climate zones. The energy and economic impacts of these energy-renovated buildings were compared to those of existing buildings. Nearly zero-energy buildings were achieved by changing the thermal envelopes and their corresponding interior partitions. The study discovered that, on the one hand, the heating energy demand was reduced while the cooling energy demand was increased, thus reducing the total energy demand; on the other hand, the best energy renovation solution entails compliance by nearly zero-energy buildings with current building thermal regulation for the current climate zone. This work can serve as a guide to establish and promote energy renovation policies that are effective in addressing climate change and are economically viable. Furthermore, the methodology developed and the results obtained can be extrapolated to other cold Mediterranean climate zones.
Analysis of Climate-Oriented Researches in Building
(2021) Verichev, Konstantin ; Zamorano, Montserrat ; Salazar Concha, Cristian Eduardo ; Carpio, Manuel
Many factors and aspects of the construction and operation of buildings depend on climatic parameters and climatic zones, so these will be fundamental for adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change. For this reason, the number of climate-oriented publications in building is increasing. This research presents an analysis on the most-cited climate-oriented studies in building in the period 1979-2019. The main themes, the typologies of these investigations and the principal types of climatic zoning used in these studies were analysed through bibliographic and manual analysis. A broad spectrum of themes directly and indirectly related to climate and climatic zones and buildings was demonstrated. It was found that 88% of all climate-oriented investigations, to one degree or another, are within the scope of the general topic of energy conservation. A thorough understanding of all climate-dependent aspects will help in designing dwellings appropriately in different climate zones. In addition, a methodology that facilitates the establishment of a typology of climate-oriented research is presented. This typology can be used in future research in different scientific areas. It was also revealed that the climate zones of the National Building Codes of China, the USA and Turkey prevailed in the studies analysed.
Assessment of the sustainability of asphalt pavement maintenance using the microwave heating self-healing technique
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022) Nalbandian, Kevork Micael; Carpio, Manuel; Gonzalez, Alvaro
Pavements are the major load-carrying Civil Engineering structures in roads, runways, parking lots, and driveways; hence, they are fundamental for regional or national development. However, the pavement life cycle has significant environmental, economic, and social impacts. The asphalt pavement microwave heating self-healing technique (MWHSHT) is a relatively new alternative to traditional pavement maintenance techniques. Research has mainly focused on its technical feasibility with little attention to its effect on economic, environmental, and social sustainability. This work assesses the sustainability of asphalt pavement maintenance using the MWHSHT through an environmental and socio-economic impact analysis for various scenarios. Results show that pavement maintenance alternatives that include MWHSHT show reductions in energy consumption, feedstock energy, materials consumption, and economic indicators compared to full traditional maintenance during the asphalt pavement life cycle, thus increasing pavement sustainability. In addition, the inclusion of the MWHSHT has potential social benefits for stakeholders. Overall, including the MWHSHT for maintaining asphalt pavements has the potential to improve the economic, environmental, and social aspects of sustainability in comparison to using only traditional asphalt pavement maintenance.
Bridging the gap between health and safety performance and owner's satisfaction in construction projects adopting pro-environmental construction practices: role of economic performance
(2023) Onubi, Hilary Omatule; Carpio, Manuel; Azian, Fatin Umaira Muhamad; Binwai, Pirmah
The satisfaction of clients/owners, though very important as a determinant of construction project performance, has often been given very little attention in pro-environmental-related studies. To this end, this study's aim is to determine how owner's satisfaction (OS) can be realized via health and safety performance (HSP) and economic performance (EP) on construction projects that adopt pro-environmental construction practices (PCP) in Nigeria and to determine how the impact of HSP on OS can vary contingent on the level of EP. This study's aim was realized through data obtained from a survey of 249 construction projects and analyzed by adopting the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. The results of this study signify that HSP has a significant positive effect on OS; the nexus between HSP and OS is partially mediated by EP, while EP moderates the HSP-OS link with high EP producing the stronger effect. The practical contributions of this research emanate from the fact that its findings show that the existing gap between the level of HSP and OS is partly due to EP. Also, projects with high EP have a greater influence on the HSP-OS relationship. Therefore, to bridge the gap between HSP and OS in construction projects that adopt PCP, due attention should be given to EP.
Bridging the Gap between Perceived Pro-Environmental Benefits and Pro-Environmental Behavior: Mediating Roles of Green Work Climate and Pro-Environmental Training
(2023) Onubi, Hilary Omatule; Hassan, Ahmad Sanusi; Carpio, Manuel
Recent initiatives from the government, nongovernmental organizations, and professional bodies in the Nigerian construction industry to encourage pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs) have created awareness on the benefits of engaging in PEB. However, PEB on construction sites in Nigeria remains low. This study explored the effect of perceived pro-environmental benefits (PPEBs) on PEB among construction site managers in Nigeria, and the mechanism through which PPEBs can lead to PEB through pro-environmental training (PET) and green work climate (GWC). A total of 257 usable responses were obtained from a survey of construction project managers and evaluated using the structural equation modeling method. The results obtained indicate that PPEBs had no significant effect on PEB, whereas PET and GWC fully mediated the relationship between PPEBs and PEB. This study's findings fill existing gaps in the literature and provide academicians, policymakers, and construction industry practitioners with in-depth knowledge of other variables such as PET and GWC, through which PPEBs can translate into PEB on construction project sites.
Circulation and distribution of suspended mesozooplankton carcasses in a mid-latitude estuary
(ELSEVIER, 2022) Garcia Ruiz, Andres; Carpio, Manuel; Giesecke, Ricardo; Bermudez, Maria; Diez Minguito, Manuel
The coast of southern Chile, located between 37 degrees and 41 degrees S, has many estuaries, which, together with their wetlands, still comprise a region with high biological richness and a high ecosystem value. The Valdivia River Estuary (VRE) stands out due to its relative size and commercial importance. This study analyses time series of environmental forcings and idealized model output to identify estuarine regimes and the subtidal circulation, and its influence on the distribution of Suspended Meso-Zooplankton Carcasses (SMZC), which may affect the local labile organic carbon input. Field campaigns were conducted in 2014 and 2015, and time series of metocean forcings span from 2012 to 2018. The characteristic regimes of the estuary that control the seasonal suspended particulate matter distribution were identified as Normal, Extreme, Exceptional Rainy, and Exceptional Dry. When mapped on the Geyer & MacCready circulation-stratification diagram, they coincide with partially-mixed, strongly-stratified, salt-wedge, and well-mixed water column structures, respectively. The idealized numerical model allows determining the subtidal circulation patterns induced by the along-channel density gradient, river discharge, and wind. The equilibrium SMZC distribution within the VRE during Normal and Exceptional Dry regimes was determined from the modeled circulation patterns. Model results indicated that, during the austral autumn (April 2014; Normal regime), the SMZC distribution shows a maximum concentration as low as 128 individuals per m(3) located near the head of the estuary. This suggests low residence times of suspended carcasses within the estuary. During the austral summer (January 2015; Exceptional Dry regime), the SMZC distribution exhibits its maximum value near the mouth, exceeding 15,000 ind. m(-3). These results suggest a massive carcass-derived carbon export towards the estuary mouth during dry seasons. Remarkably, the cross-section where maximum SMZC was predicted during this regime matches the area where large beds of Tagelus dombeii have been reported. Overall, this study highlights the importance of circulationstratification relationships on the control of SMZC trapping mechanisms and on the identification of hotspots of benthic biomass in mid-latitude estuaries. Other estuaries with similar relationships and regimes might experience similar shifts in suspended meso-zooplankton distribution patterns in response to seasonal changes in forcings.
Dynamics of Changes in Climate Zones and Building Energy Demand. A Case Study in Spain
(2021) Díaz-López, Carmen ; Jódar, Joaquín ; Verichev, Konstantin ; Rodríguez, Miguel Luis ; Carpio, Manuel ; Zamorano, Montserrat
In the current context of the climate crisis, it is essential to design buildings that can cope with climate dynamics throughout their life cycle. It will ensure the development of sustainable and resilient building stock. Thus, this study's primary objective has been to demonstrate that the current climatic zones for buildings in peninsular Spain do not represent the current climatic reality and are not adapted to climate change and the impact on the energy demand of buildings. For this reason, the climatic zones of 7967 peninsular cities have been updated and adapted to the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios by using the data measured in 77 meteorological reference stations. The results obtained have shown that in more than 80% of the cities, buildings are designed and constructed according to an obsolete climatic classification that does not take into account the current or future climatic reality, which will significantly affect the thermal performance of a building and highlights the need to review the climatic zoning in the country. The results obtained can be extrapolated to other regions. The methodology defined in this work can be used as a reference, thus making an essential scientific contribution in reflecting on current capacities and the possibilities of improving the building stock.
Efficiency assessment for the urban heat island mitigation measures in a city with an oceanic climate during the summer period: Case of Valdivia, Chile
(2024) Morales-Gonzalez, Jose Ignacio; Verichev, Konstantin; Carpio, Manuel
Urban heat islands are a phenomenon present around the world, affecting several areas of life. Various studies in Chile have considered this problem, but they are focused on the northern and central zones of the country. This phenomenon has been identified in cities in southern Chile as well; however, there is a lack of research to complement current information about urban heat islands in this region and present mitigation strategies. This study aims to analyse the urban heat island effect in a city in southern Chile during a warm season (southern hemisphere summer) using high-resolution computational fluid dynamic simulations and proposes efficient urban planning strategies to mitigate this effect. Four mitigation strategies were studied: tree cover, reflective pavements, water fountains, and a mixed strategy including all of the previous three. A representative urban area was selected, and through statistical analysis, a strong diurnal urban heat island was identified, principally due to the urban morphology of the case study. All strategies were effective, with the mixed one presenting the best results in this area. Tree cover could decrease the median urban heat islands intensity by 0.6 degrees C, changing the albedo decreased 0.94 degrees C, water fountains decreased 0.4 degrees C, and finally the mixed one could decrease 1.4 degrees C. However, the complexity of implementing these strategies must be taken into consideration. Our results can help urban planners to make better decisions according to available resources.
Estimating Functional and Physical Service Life of Timber Buildings Concerning Thermal Performance Simulations
(MDPI, 2022) Prieto, Andres J.; Silva, Ana; Tori, Felipe; Carpio, Manuel
Currently, the cities in southern region of Chile present extremely high levels of atmospheric pollution. One of the main reasons for that is the adoption of inadequate thermal envelopes, which are not adapted to the buildings' climatic and environmental surrounding conditions. Usually, the existing buildings do not have any type of thermal insulation, which causes excessive heating of spaces, in a region where the main source of heat is firewood. Thus, there is a need to intervene, improving the thermal energy performance of timber buildings, but will it be possible to make technically informed decisions that consider buildings' service life? In this study, 72 buildings in the cities of Valdivia and Niebla (South Chile) have been analysed based on in-situ visual inspections. Concerning the novelty of the study, two methodologies have been used to define the end of their physical and functional service life, establishing a hierarchical scale concerning the priority of intervention in timber buildings. After that, three different thermal energy insulation performance scenarios have been modelled in terms of evaluating current conditions, basic thermal rehabilitation, or deep thermal rehabilitation. A more effective and profound intervention in terms of thermal performance leads to better habitability conditions for the buildings' occupants in the context of South Chile, increasing their comfort between 36% to 46% of the year, when compared with current conditions. This kind of innovative analyses are extremely significant for the implementation of preventive maintenance programs focused not only on the restoration of the physical or functional service life of building stocks, but also considering their thermal energy performance in order to improve the habitability of the buildings for their occupants, and reducing both atmospheric pollutants and firewood consumption in the South of the country.
EXPERT PANEL ON IN-SITU VISUAL INSPECTIONS FOR MASONRY CHURCHES MAINTENANCE STAGE
(VILNIUS GEDIMINAS TECH UNIV, 2021) Carpio, Manuel; Ortega, Jesus; Prieto, Andres J.
The incorporation of protocols in heritage building preservation is important for the definition of preventive conservation actions. Such integration is needed to avoid restoration actions and to promote preventive maintenance instead of corrective maintenance actions. This paper presents the application of an innovative digital management system using artificial intelligence that can quantify the suitability of a sample. This kind of application can support the maintenance management of buildings and minimise human error in data collection. The fuzzy system showed slight differences between the members of the expert panel during the in-situ visual inspection. These results indicate that, despite differences between various experts' evaluation of a building, the proposed digital method helps minimise the uncertainty in the results. The paper highlights input variables, which present high dispersion (load state modification, fire and occupancy), and input parameters, which present low dispersion (preservation, roof design and overloads). Fuzzy systems can adequately manage the uncertainties associated with different experts' assessment of sample that present constructive homogeneity. This study can give advantages to stakeholders during the inspection, diagnosis and evaluation stages in the improvement of mitigation policies focused on preventive maintenance programs dedicated to the resilience of heritage buildings, specifically churches emplaced in Chile.
Expert Panel, Preventive Maintenance of Heritage Buildings and Fuzzy Logic System: An Application in Valdivia, Chile
(MDPI, 2021) Carpio, Manuel; Prieto, Andres J.
The maintenance of buildings is a highly complex decision process, which is generally due to professional experts having to consider several arduous evaluations, especially regarding uncertainty related to why, when and how to intervene. This study concerns the analysis of the uncertainty associated with professional experts' surveys during the decision-making process during building maintenance. For this purpose, a case study of a timber-structure building was examined. An expert panel of 66 professionals with expertise in construction engineering carried out a systematic and automated evaluation. This kind of digital method is capable of managing the uncertainty associated with the evaluation processes by different specialists. Experts can evaluate various nuances and approximations in the model's input parameters. The fuzzy model helps to harmonize the results since minor variations in the evaluation of the input parameters do not generate a large dispersion over the model's output variable. The novelty of this study concerns the application of a digital methodology based on a fuzzy logic model to assist a professional expert panel in different areas-architecture, engineering and construction. This study is oriented through an artificial intelligence based method applied by specialists to set intervention priorities, support maintenance management of the examined building and minimise human error during data collection and uncertainty related to making decisions. The lessons learned from the results obtained in this study promote the use of this kind of digital tool to manage the uncertainty associated with in-situ visual inspections.
How do urban heat islands affect the thermo-energy performance of buildings?
(ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2022) Lopez-Guerrero, Rafael E.; Verichev, Konstantin; Moncada-Morales, Guillermo A.; Carpio, Manuel
Cities occupy 3% of the surface of the planet, but account for 60-80% of energy consumption and 75% of carbon emissions. Likewise, buildings consume 35% of the energy and emit 38% of global greenhouse gases. Cities can aggravate such problems further by generating the phenomenon of urban heat islands (UHI). Few studies have evaluated the state of the art in UHIs' influence on buildings' energy performance, so the present research aims to analyze the main studies evaluating the thermo-energy behavior of buildings subjected to UHI. This was done with a systematic literature review and a scientific mapping of the publications present in Web of Science until 2021. 100 articles were selected for analysis in this review. The results point to an important evolution in the study of parameters affecting urban buildings' performance, in addition to the analysis of different urban land uses as a strategy to sectorize UHI. Such scientific evolution is analyzed and discussed in four-time segments. Fragmentation on building cooling loads and the energy penalty index derived from UHI are discussed, resulting in an average cooling penalty of 6.63 kWh/m2/y/degrees C and 3.81 kWh/m2/y/degrees C, for residential and office use respectively. This study presents limitations and proposes applications for the use of this index, as well as prospects for future studies and main research gaps in the area.
Impact of Shape Factor on Energy Demand, CO2 Emissions and Energy Cost of Residential Buildings in Cold Oceanic Climates: Case Study of South Chile
(MDPI, 2021) Carpio, Manuel; Carrasco, David
The increase in energy consumption that occurs in the residential sector implies a higher consumption of natural resources and, therefore, an increase in pollution and a degradation of the ecosystem. An optimal use of materials in the thermal envelope, together with efficient measures in the passive architectural design process, translate into lower energy demands in residential buildings. The objective of this study is to analyse and compare, through simulating different models, the impact of the shape factor on energy demand and CO2 emissions depending on the type of construction solution used in the envelope in a cold oceanic climate in South Chile. Five models with different geometries were considered based on their relationship between exposed surface and volume. Additionally, three construction solutions were chosen so that their thermal transmittance gradually complied with the values required by thermal regulations according to the climatic zone considered. Other parameters were equally established for all simulations so that their comparison was objective. Ninety case studies were obtained. Research has shown that an appropriate design, considering a shape factor suitable below 0.767 for the type of cold oceanic climate, implies a decrease in energy demand, which increased when considering architectural designs in the envelope with high values of thermal resistance.
Interacción a través de dispositivos móviles en grupos masivos y aprendizaje entre pares: caso de Ingeniería de Construcción
(Universidad de La Laguna, Asociación Iberoamericana de Didáctica Universitaria, 2020) Carpio, Manuel
Considerando que, en una clase masiva el proceso de aprendizaje puede verse afectado negativamente por una falta de interacción fluida entre profesorado-estudiantes, es necesario el uso de tecnologías capaces de dar una rápida y efectiva retroalimentación. En el caso concreto de la asignatura de Ingeniería de Construcción, impartida en la Escuela de Ingeniería de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, los grupos son considerados masivos, con un promedio superior a 50 individuos, llegando en algunos casos a 100. Debido a esta problemática, se ha decidido plantear la siguiente iniciativa, la cual todavía no se ha aplicado en su totalidad, siendo el presente trabajo una propuesta de innovación docente. Por todo esto, el objetivo general del presente trabajo es mejorar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes a través de aplicaciones en dispositivos móviles para fomentar la interacción del profesorado con los estudiantes en grupos masivos como en la asignatura Ingeniería de Construcción.
Job satisfaction in green construction projects: antecedent roles of green work climate, pro-environmental construction practice and green human capital
(EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD, 2022) Onubi, Hilary Omatule; Carpio, Manuel; Hassan, Ahmad Sanusi
PurposeJob satisfaction (JS) of construction workers is important in determining the level of green construction project performance. Despite the importance of construction workers' JS in actualizing green construction projects' objectives, insufficient consideration has been accorded in green construction studies. This study aims to determine the link between green human capital (GHC), pro-environmental construction practice (PCP), green work climate (GWC) and JS. Precisely, the purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of GWC on the GHC and PCP relationship while analysing the moderating effect of GWC on the relationship between PCP and JS.Design/methodology/approachThis research's data were collected through a survey questionnaire with 272 useable responses obtained. The partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was used in the study's data analysis.FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that GHC was positively related to PCP; GWC had a significant mediating effect on the GHC-PCP relationship; PCP had a significant positive effect on JS; and GWC had a significant moderating effect on the PCP-JS relationship with high GWC yielding the greater effect.Practical implicationsThis study gives a clearer picture of how GHC can lead to the adoption of PCP through GWC and translate to JS, thus providing stakeholders with the required information on firm-based initiatives that can promote the needed green behaviour on the construction site.Originality/valueThe originality of this study lies in its contribution to both theory and practice as it provides greater insight into PCP alongside its antecedents and outcomes as it relates to the JS of construction project/site managers.
Optimizing urban housing design: Improving thermo-energy performance and mitigating heat emissions from buildings - A Latin American case study
(2024) Lopez-Guerrero, Rafael E.; Cruz, Alexandre Santana; Hong, Tianzhen; Carpio, Manuel
This study investigates the influence of urban heat islands (UHI) on buildings and explores passive design strategies to improve thermo-energy performance while mitigating heat emissions into the urban environment. Concentrating on Latin American cities, the research conducts an intra-urban and climate-related analysis in two scenarios: naturally ventilated and equipped with an HVAC system. The intra-urban analysis considers socioeconomic disparities and diverse urban zones, while the climate-related analysis covers five different cities. This analysis utilizes machine learning models combined with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for optimization, along with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) for suitable solution selection. The results reveal potential reductions of energy loads, discomfort hours, and heat emissions, ranging from 2 % to nearly 120 %, depending on the case or scenario evaluated. The Pareto front varieties are discussed, offering design recommendations for addressing housing disparities and optimizing urban zones or cities. The findings suggest that newer building energy standards might underestimate urban warming in historically cold climates. Additionally, shifting toward HVAC use in residential areas could lead to new socioeconomic and environmental issues. This underscores the need for holistic building design that integrates balanced urban planning considerations to mitigate urban overheating.
The influence of the urban heat island effect on the energy performance of residential buildings in a city with an oceanic climate during the summer period: Case of Valdivia, Chile
(2023) Verichev, Konstantin; Salazar-Concha, Cristian; Diaz-Lopez, Carmen; Carpio, Manuel
The intensification of urban growth and climate change are affecting the energy and thermal performance of buildings. In recent years, the issue of building resilience to urban heat island (UHI) conditions has become increasingly relevant. The energy performance of buildings can vary significantly in different areas of the same city, regardless of their size. The aim of this study was to evaluate the energy effects of UHI intensity differences in various local climate zones (LCZs) of Valdivia city, Chile, on a typical residential dwelling. A simplified methodology was used, based on the assessment of cooling degree days variations and heat gains variations inside the studied house through the thermal envelope. Valdivia has a homogeneous urban morphology, and three types of low-rise LCZs prevail in the city (LCZ 3, 6, and 9). The results showed that the average cooling demand for a 66 m2 residential dwelling during 39 summer days was 158 kWh for LCZ 9, 219 kWh for LCZ 6, and 289 kWh for LCZ 3, compared to the rural demand of 114 kWh. These results suggest that the energy effects of UHI can be significant, and that it is important to study the microclimatic conditions in various LCZs for a correct understanding of the UHI energy effects on different buildings.
Towards nearly zero-energy residential buildings in Mediterranean countries: The implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2018 in Spain
(2023) Lopez-Ochoa, Luis M.; Las-Heras-Casas, Jesus; Gonzalez-Caballin, Juan M.; Carpio, Manuel
The new Basic Document on Energy Saving of the Technical Building Code (CTE-DB-HE) provides the necessary requirements to achieve nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) and promotes the use of renewable energies in the Spanish building sector. In addition, the new CTE-DB-HE, transposition of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2018, introduces specific requirements for the implementation of electric vehicle charging in-frastructures in building car parks. The objective of this study is to analyse the energy and environmental impacts of the application of the new CTE-DB-HE in the residential sector. Different multi-family buildings in the most representative cities that meet the requirements for new and renovated buildings and use different heating and domestic hot water systems, as well as photovoltaic solar systems, are studied. The results are compared with those obtained by applying the previous regulations. Compared to the previous NZEBs, the new NZEBs achieve reductions by at least 46% in non-renewable primary energy consumption and 13% in total primary energy consumption. In addition, the changes introduced are shown to have helped prompt significant progress in the achievement of a highly energy-efficient and decarbonized building stock, achieving a reduction by at least 19% by 2050 in the main energy and environmental indicators.
Virtual web-based instruments in the evaluation of functional degradation of heritage timber buildings
(2024) Prieto, Andres J.; Torres-Gonzalez, Marta; Carpio, Manuel
The construction engineering and management sector is facing rapid technological disruption due to the extensive adoption of digital tools. The main aim of this research was to assess the accuracy and usefulness of web-based instruments used for the evaluation and mensuration of built environment characteristics. Through on-site visits and two web-based tools, a digital management system based on fuzzy logic was used to evaluate the functional service life of two heritage timber buildings in Valdivia (Chile). The assessments of 40 professional experts (4 on-site visual inspections and 36 virtual inspections) were compared to evaluate the relative accuracy and usefulness of the on-site and web-based instruments. Web-based audits, which used Google Street View and Google Maps, tended to agree strongly with on-site audits on the functional degradation of the timber structures (vulnerabilities and external hazard affections). While web-based tools do not offer a perfect substitute for on-site audits, they do allow for preliminary audits to be performed accurately from remote locations, potentially saving time and cost and increasing the effectiveness of subsequent on-site visits. The study findings may be useful to industry stakeholders in understanding the early impacts of the use of new remote digital inspection tools on the construction industry.

Browsing by Author "Carpio, Manuel "

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