Browsing by Author "Cabrera, Camila"

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    Antimicrobial Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Isolated From Latin American Children and Adolescents (2008–2023): A Systematic Review
    (2024) Cabrera, Camila; Torres, Joaquín; Serrano Honeyman, Carolina Andrea; Gallardo, Paulina; Orellana, Vicente; George, Sergio; O'Ryan, Miguel; Lucero, Yalda
    Background: Latin America has a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in children that may lead to peptic ulcer disease andeventually gastric cancer in adulthood. Successful eradication is hindered by rising antimicrobial resistance. We summarize H.pylori resistance rates in Latin American children from 2008 to 2023.Material and Methods: Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute check-list to assess risk of bias (PROSPERO CRD42024517108) that included original cross-sectional observational studies reportingresistance to commonly used antibiotics in Latin American children and adolescents. We searched in PubMed, LILACS, andSciELO databases.Results: Of 51 studies, 45 were excluded. The quality of the six analyzed studies (297 H. pylori-positive samples) was satisfactory.Phenotypic methods (N = 3) reported higher resistance rates than genotypic studies (N = 3). Clarithromycin resistance rangedfrom 8.0% to 26.7% (6 studies; 297 samples), metronidazole from 1.9% to 40.2% (4 studies; 211 samples), amoxicillin from 0% to10.4% (3 studies; 158 samples), tetracycline resistance was not detected (3 studies; 158 samples), and levofloxacin resistance was2.8% (1 study; 36 samples).Conclusion: Scarce Latin American studies on H. pylori resistance, along with methodological heterogeneity, hinder conclusivefindings. Clarithromycin and metronidazole (first-line drugs) resistance is worrisome, likely impacting lower eradication rates.Urgent systematic surveillance or individual testing before treatment is necessary to enhance eradication.
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    Chronic exposure to fine particles (PM2.5) and mortality: Evidence from Chile
    (2023) Busch, Pablo; Cifuentes, Luis Abdon; Cabrera, Camila
    Background:Many Chilean cities suffer from high air pollution from industrial, mobile, and residential wood-burning sources. Several studies have linked PM2.5 air pollution exposure to higher mortality risk from cardiovascular, pulmonary, and lung cancer causes. In recent years, Chile has developed an extensive air pollution monitoring network to enforce air quality standards for PM2.5, allowing the study of the medium-term association between PM2.5 and mortality. Methods:A negative binomial regression model was used to study the association between 3-year average PM2.5 concentrations and age-adjusted mortality rates for 105 of the 345 municipalities in Chile. Models were fitted for all (ICD10 A to Q codes), cardiopulmonary (I and J), cardiovascular (I), pulmonary (J), cancer (C), and lung cancer (C33-C34) causes; controlling for meteorological, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics. Results:A significant association of PM2.5 exposure with cardiopulmonary (relative risk for 10 mu g/m(3) PM2.5: 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 1.00, 1.13) and pulmonary (1.11; 1.02, 1.20) age-adjusted mortality rates was found. Cardiovascular (1.06; 0.99, 1.13) and all causes (1.02; 0.98, 1.07) were positive, but not significant. No significant association was found between cancer and lung cancer. The positive associations remained even when controlling for multiple confounding factors, model specifications, and when considering different methods for exposure characterization. These estimates are in line with results from cohort studies from the United States and European studies. Conclusion:Three-year average PM2.5 exposure is positively associated with the age-adjusted mortality rate for cardiopulmonary and cardiovascular causes in Chile. This provides evidence of the medium-term exposure effect of fine particles on long-term mortality rates.