Browsing by Author "Brown, Rupert"

Now showing 1 - 16 of 16
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    Angry and Afraid: Exploring the Impact of Mixed Emotional Reactions to Hate Crimes With LGBT+ and Muslim Communities
    (2024) Paterson, Jenny L.; Walters, Mark A.; Brown, Rupert; Carrasco Ogaz, Diego
    Hate crimes send messages of intolerance that can cause significant emotional and behavioral harm to entire identity groups. Previous research, based on intergroup emotions theory, has helped explain the psychological mechanisms that underpin the indirect effects of anti-LGBT+ hate crime, showing that incidents give rise to perceptions of threat among community members, which in turn elicit certain emotional reactions that trigger specific behavioral outcomes. This article provides two significant contributions to this developing knowledgebase. First, it provides an important replication of the theoretical model with another frequently targeted community: Muslim people. In addition, it offers the first quantitative analysis of how combinations of different emotions trigger discrete behavioral responses in the aftermath of hate crime, thereby providing much-needed nuance to the intergroup emotions theory model. Across two studies (Study 1: N = 589 LGBT+ participants; Study 2: N = 347 Muslim participants), we show that, for both LGBT+ and Muslim participants, indirect experiences of hate crimes are associated with greater perceptions of threat, which are then positively associated with anger, anxiety, and shame, that link to behavioral intentions: avoidance, pro-action, security behaviors, and retaliation. Latent class analyses further revealed that participants’ emotional reactions tend to cluster into four distinct profiles in both communities: people scored mid-range on all emotions, or high anger with low shame, or high anger with high anxiety, or low shame. These combinations had direct implications for intended behaviors across both groups: experiencing high anger with high anxiety was a cogent motivator of action. Most significantly, we provide new insights into how and why different emotions interact to predict both similar and divergent behaviors in the aftermath of hate crime incidents. Our findings yield important new knowledge that holds the potential of shaping both public policies and practices aimed at addressing the impacts of hate crimes.
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    Being oneself through time: Bases of self-continuity across 55 cultures
    (2018) Becker, Maja; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Owe, Ellinor; Easterbrook, Matthew J.; Brown, Rupert; Smith, Peter B.; Abuhamdeh, Sami; Cendales Ayala, Boris; Gardarsdottir, Ragna B.; Torres, Ana; Camino, Leoncio; Bond, Michael Harris; Nizharadze, George
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    Beyond the 'East-West' Dichotomy : Global Variation in Cultural Models of Selfhood
    (2016) Vignoles, Vivian L.; Owe, Ellinor; Becker, Maja; Smith, Peter B.; Easterbrook, Matthew J.; Brown, Rupert; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Didier, Nicolás; Carrasco Ogaz, Diego
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    Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism : Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups
    (2013) Owe, Ellinor; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Becker, Maja; Brown, Rupert; Smith, Peter B.; Lee, Spike W. S.; Easterbrook, Matt; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Carrasco Ogaz, Diego; Lay Martinez, Siugmin Paz; Didier, Nicólas; Cadena, María Paz
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    Culture and the Distinctiveness Motive: Constructing Identity in Individualistic and Collectivistic Contexts
    (AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2012) Becker, Maja; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Owe, Ellinor; Brown, Rupert; Smith, Peter B.; Easterbrook, Matt; Herman, Ginette; de Sauvage, Isabelle; Bourguignon, David; Tones, Ana; Camino, Leoncio; Silveira Lemos, Flavia Cristina; Cristina Ferreira, M.; Koller, Silvia H.; Gonzalez, Roberto; Carrasco, Diego; Paz Cadena, Maria; Lay, Siugmin; Wang, Qian; Bond, Michael Harris; Vargas Trujillo, Elvia; Balanta, Paola; Valk, Aune; Mekonnen, Kassahun Habtamu; Nizharadze, George; Fueloep, Marta; Regalia, Camillo; Manzi, Claudia; Brambilla, Maria; Harb, Charles; Aldhafri, Said; Martin, Mariana; Macapagal, Ma Elizabeth J.; Chybicka, Aneta; Gavreliuc, Alin; Buitendach, Johanna; Schweiger Gallo, Inge; Ozgen, Emre; Guner, Ulku E.; Yamakoglu, Nil
    The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Multilevel analysis confirmed that it is the prevailing beliefs and values in an individual's context, rather than the individual's own beliefs and values, that account for these differences.
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    Dual identities in intergroup contact: Group status and size moderate the generalization of positive attitude change
    (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2006) Gonzalez, Roberto; Brown, Rupert
    To explore the effects of various categorization strategies on intergroup bias within and beyond a contact situation, two experiments were conducted involving groups of different size and/or status that worked together on a cooperative task. Three categorization strategies (decategorization, recategorization, and dual identity) were compared, and bias was measured through symbolic reward allocations to people who were and were not actually encountered. In Experiment 1 (N=129), we varied group size (minority or majority) and found that it affected bias within the contact situation-minority groups were more biased than majority groups. All of the categorization strategies limited bias and they did so equally well. Outside the contact situation, however, only the recategorization and dual identity strategies limited bias. In Experiment 2 (N=156), we varied both group status (low or high) and group size. Both of these variables affected bias within the contact situation-high status groups were more biased than low status groups, and minority groups were again more biased than majority groups. Once again, all three categorization strategies limited bias and they did so equally well. Outside the contact situation, however, an interaction among the independent variables was observed. For minority groups, only the dual identity strategy limited bias, but none of the categorization strategies limited bias for majority groups. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Emergent social identity and observing social support predict social support provided by survivors in a disaster: Solidarity in the 2010 Chile earthquake
    (2016) Drury, John; Brown, Rupert; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Miranda Fuenzalida, Daniel Andrés
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    How minority members' perceptions of majority members' acculturation preferences shape minority members' own acculturation preferences: Evidence from Chile
    (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2011) Zagefka, Hanna; Gonzalez, Roberto; Brown, Rupert
    Two survey studies were conducted in Chile with members of the indigenous minority group Mapuche (Ns = 566; 394). The aim was to find predictors of minority members' acculturation preferences, especially integration. It was hypothesized that minority members' preferences would depend on their perceptions of what majority members want. Specifically, it was predicted that a perception that majority members want minority members to maintain their original culture would be associated with a greater desire for culture maintenance among minority participants. Further, it was predicted that a perception that majority members want intergroup contact would be associated with a greater desire for contact among minority participants. Finally, it was predicted that a perception that majority members are in favour of both culture maintenance and contact (i.e., integration) would be associated with more support for integration among minority participants. Results bore out these predictions. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
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    Is support for multiculturalism threatened by ... threat itself?
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2012) Tip, Linda K.; Zagefka, Hanna; Gonzalez, Roberto; Brown, Rupert; Cinnirella, Marco; Na, Xue
    Three studies investigated the effects of British majority members' perceptions of minority members' acculturation preferences and perceived identity threat on their support for multiculturalism. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) a perception that minority members want to maintain their original culture will negatively affect support for multiculturalism; (2) a perception that minority members want to adopt the British culture will positively affect support for multiculturalism; and (3) a perception that minority members desire contact with British people will positively affect support for multiculturalism. All three effects were predicted to be mediated by identity threat. Studies 1 and 2 focussed on Pakistanis as a target group, and study 3 focussed on ethnic minority members more generally. All studies yielded evidence in support of the hypotheses. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Nuestra culpa: Collective guilt and shame as predictors of reparation for historical wrongdoing
    (AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC, 2008) Brown, Rupert; Gonzalez, Roberto; Zagefka, Hanna; Manzi, Jorge; Cehajic, Sabina
    Three studies examined the hypothesis that collective guilt and shame have different consequences for reparation. In 2 longitudinal studies, the ingroup was nonindigenous Chileans (Study 1: N = 124/120, lag = 8 weeks; Study 2: N = 247/137, lag = 6 months), and the outgroup was Chile's largest indigenous group, the Mapuche. In both studies, it was found that collective guilt predicted reparation attitudes longitudinally. Collective shame had only cross-sectional associations with reparation and no direct longitudinal effects. In Study 2, collective shame moderated the longitudinal effects of collective guilt such that the effects of guilt were stronger for low-shame respondents. In Study 3 (N = 193 nonindigenous Chileans), the cross-sectional relationships among guilt, shame, and reparation attitudes were replicated. The relationship between shame and reparation attitudes was mediated by a desire to improve the ingroup's reputation.
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    On positive psychological outcomes: What helps groups with a history of conflict to forgive and reconcile with each other?
    (SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC, 2008) Noor, Masi; Brown, Rupert; Gonzalez, Roberto; Manzi, Jorge; Lewis, Christopher Alan
    Three studies examined the roles of traditional and novel social psychological variables involved in intergroup forgiveness. Study 1 ( N = 480) revealed that among the pro-Pinochet and the anti-Pinochet groups in Chile, forgiveness was predicted by ingroup identity ( negatively), common ingroup identity ( positively), empathy and trust ( positively), and competitive victimhood ( the subjective sense of having suffered more than the outgroup, negatively). Political ideology ( Right vs. Left) moderated the relationship between empathy and forgiveness, trust and forgiveness, and between the latter and competitive victimhood. Study 2 ( N = 309), set in the Northern Irish conflict between Protestants and Catholics, provided a replication and extension of Study 1. Finally, Study 3 ( N = 155/ 108) examined the longitudinal relationship between forgiveness and reconciliation in Northern Ireland, revealing that forgiveness predicted reconciliation intentions. The reverse direction of this relationship was also marginally significant. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
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    Predictors of majority members' acculturation preferences: Experimental evidence
    (ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE, 2012) Zagefka, Hanna; Tip, Linda K.; Gonzalez, Roberto; Brown, Rupert; Cinnirella, Marco
    A study was conducted to test experimentally whether majority members' perceptions of which acculturation strategies minority members prefer would causally impact on majority members' own acculturation preferences, especially their preference for integration. Participants (N = 113) were exposed to videos in which actors who posed as Pakistani minority members voiced different acculturation preferences (integration, assimilation, separation or control condition). Their views were presented as representative of their ethnic group. The effect of this on white British majority participants' own acculturation preferences was measured. As expected, perceived acculturation preferences significantly impacted on own acculturation preferences. In line with predictions, participants' level of prejudice significantly moderated these effects. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Racial phenotypicality bias in educational expectations for both male and female teenagers from different socioeconomic backgrounds
    (2017) Meeus, Joke; Paredes Mayor, Javiera; González Gutiérrez, Roberto; Brown, Rupert; Manzi Astudillo, Jorge
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    The motive for distinctiveness in cultural context: Results from a 19-nation study
    (2010) Becker, Maja; Vignoles, Vivian L.; Owe, Ellinor; Brown, Rupert; Smith, Peter B.; Easterbrook, Matthew; Özgen, Emre; Güner, Ülkü E.; Yamakoğlu, Nil; Schweiger Gallo, Inge; Buitendach, Johanna; Gavreliuc, Alin; Chybicka, Aneta; Macapagal, Ma. Elizabeth J.; Aldhafri, Said; Martin, Mariana; González, Roberto; Carrasco Ogaz, Diego Alonso; Cadena Cruz, María Paz; Lay Martínez, Siugmin Paz
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    What do I Care? Perceived Ingroup Responsibility and Dehumanization as Predictors of Empathy Felt for the Victim Group
    (SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD, 2009) Cehajic, Sabina; Brown, Rupert; Gonzalez, Roberto
    This research examined the effects of reminders of ingroup responsibility for past wrongdoings on perception of ingroup responsibility and victim dehumanization as predictors of empathy. Two experiments set in different intergroup contexts found that reminders of ingroup responsibility generated empathy through perception of ingroup responsibility and deflected empathy through subtle victim dehumanization. In Experiment 1, set in the context of indigenous-non-indigenous relations in Chile (N - 124), it was found that reminders of ingroup (vs. individual) responsibility generated empathy by increasing a perception of ingroup responsibility and deflected it through decreased attribution of secondary emotions to the victim group. Experiment 2 replicated the effects in a different context, the recent 1992-1995 war in Bosnia (N = 158). Reminders of ingroup responsibility (vs. no reminders) generated empathy by increasing a perception of ingroup responsibility and deflected it through decreased attribution of secondary emotions to the victim group. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.