Browsing by Author "Aguirre Polanco, Carolina"

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    Anthropometric and bioimpedance equations for fat and fat-free mass in Chilean children 7-9 years of age
    (2021) Salazar, Gabriela; Leyton, Barbara; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Anziani, Alyerina; Weisstaub, Gerardo; Corvalán, Camila
    Assessing children's growth adequately is important due to the necessary prevention of adequate body composition, especially at pre-pubertal age. Simpler measurements such as anthropometry or bioimpedance, using equations validated in Caucasian children, have been demonstrated to overestimate or underestimate fat mass percentage (FM%) or fat-free mass (FFM) in Chilean children. In a sample of 424 children (198 boys and 226 girls) of 7-9 years old, the three component (3C) model was assessed, where total body water was determined by H-2 dilution and body volume by air displacement plethysmography, in order to design and validate anthropometry and bioimpedance equations. The FM (%) equation specific for Chilean children was validated as (1 center dot 743 x BMI z-score) + (0 center dot 727 x triceps skinfold) + (0 center dot 385 x biceps skinfold) + 15 center dot 985, against the 3C model (R (2) 0 center dot 79). The new FFM equation (kg) generated was (log FFM = (0 center dot 018 x age) + (0 center dot 047 x sex) + (0 center dot 006 x weight) + (0 center dot 027 x resistance) + 2 center dot 071), with an R (2) 0 center dot 93 (female = 1 and male = 2). The Bland-Altman analysis shows a mean difference of 0 center dot 27 (sd 3 center dot 5) for the FM% in the whole group as well as 0 center dot 004 (sd 0 center dot 9) kg is the mean difference for the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) FFM (kg) equation. The new equations for FM (%) and FFM (kg) in Chilean children will provide a simple and valid tool for the assessment of body composition in cohort studies or to assess the impact of nutritional programmes or public policies.
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    Aporte nutricional de alimentos procesados sin gluten de alto consumo en personas con enfermedad celíaca
    (2025) Mora, Germán; Andrade Reyes, Catalina Belén; Gaminao Méndez, Javiera Ignacia; Reyes, Álvaro; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Fredes González, Carolina Paz; Rojas, Loreto; Parada Daza, Alejandra
    Introducción: La industria alimentaria ha buscado diferentes ingredientes para elaborar productos sin gluten que cumplan con las expectativas organolépticas del consumidor, repercutiendo en diferencias en la composición nutricional entre los alimentos sin gluten y su equivalente con gluten. Objetivo: Comparar el aporte de energía, azúcares totales, grasas saturadas y sodio entre alimentos procesados sin gluten de alto consumo en personas con Enfermedad celíaca en Chile con su equivalente con gluten. Materiales y métodos: Se comparó el contenido de macronutrientes de 159 productos sin gluten de mayor consumo en personas con enfermedad celíaca, con 161 equivalentes con gluten. Todos los productos fueron seleccionados en supermercados y plataformas de ventas en línea. Se identificó el contenido de calorías, azúcares totales, grasas saturadas y sodio declarada en el etiquetado de alimentos con y sin gluten. Resultados: Los grupos de alimentos sin gluten de mayor consumo fueron harinas, pan molde, premezclas de harinas, productos de pastelería y galletas, pastas y salsas. Los alimentos sin gluten tienen significativamente menor aporte de proteínas, fibra, grasa total, grasas saturadas, ácidos grasos trans, hidratos de carbono disponibles, azúcares totales. Además, los alimentos sin gluten tienen más grasas monoinsaturadas y poliinsaturada. Solo las harinas muestran un mayor contenido de grasas mono y poliinsaturadas, y de proteínas, en comparación a su equivalente. Conclusiones: Los alimentos procesados sin gluten de alto consumo en Chile tienen un menor contenido de energía y grasa total que los alimentos con gluten. Arch Latinoam Nutr 2025; 75(2): 79-86.
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    Asociación entre el estado nutricional y la prevalencia de pie plano en niños chilenos de 6 a 10 años de edad
    (2016) López Fuenzalida, Antonio Eduardo; Rodríguez Canales, Carolina; Reyes Ponce, Alvaro; Contreras Molina, Ángela; Fernández Quezada, Javiera; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina
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    Docohexaenoic acid improves the reduced umbilical vein relaxation observed in the offspring of pregnancies with maternal obesity
    (2017) Farías Jofré, Marcelo Enrique; Villalobos Labra, Roberto Esteban; Solari Gajardo, Sandra; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Samith Catalán, Bárbara Patricia; Rojas Vidal, María José
    Background and objectives: Maternal obesity (MO) is associated with increased risk of long term metabolic risk in the offspring (REF), probably involving mechanisms such as early programming of insulin resistance in fetal and neonatal tissues. On the other hand, exposure to the polyunsaturated acid Docohexaenoic acid (DHA) has been related with increased insulin response in multiple cell types. The aims of our study were to evaluate the in vitro effect of DHA on vascular response of umbilical vein to insulin, and the role of the intracellular inhibitory phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1. Methods: Umbilical cords from normal and MO pregnant woman attending to obstetrics service at the Clinical Hospital of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile were obtained after informed consent. Isolated rings of umbilical vein were used to evaluate vasodilatation capacity by wire-myography, in absence or presence of insulin (10-10 to 10-6 uM, 0-20 min) and DHA (100 uM, 12 h). Primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were used to evaluated phosphorylated and total protein levels of IRS-1 in cells exposed or not to insulin (1 nM, 30 min), in absence or presence of DHA (100 uM, 12 h). 308 Ann Nutr Metab 2017;71(suppl 2):1–1433 Oral Abstracts Results: Insulin produces a significant vasodilation (20%) in umbilical vein rings from normal pregnancies, an effect that was absent in MO-derived umbilical rings. This vasodilator effect of insulin was recovered in umbilical vein rings from MO pregnancies pre-incubated with DHA. In addition, HUVEC from MO pregnancies showed increased levels of IRS-1 phosphorylated in serine307, compared with normal cells, a difference that was reduced by DHA, even in presence of insulin. Conclusions: In vitro addition of DHA recovers the reduced vascular response to insulin in umbilical vein from MO pregnancies, involving a reduction of the inhibitory phosphorylation of IRS in serine307.
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    Educación alimentaria nutricional: Estrategias para mejorar la adherencia al plan dietoterapéutico
    (2022) Espejo, Juan Pablo; Tumani Karmy, María Fernanda; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Sanchez, Julieta; Parada Daza, Alejandra
    La educación alimentaria nutricional es la combinación de estrategias educativas, acompañadas de apoyos ambientales, diseñadas para facilitar la adopción voluntaria de elecciones alimentarias que conducen a un estado óptimo de salud y bienestar. La educación alimentaria nutricional tiene tres componentes: 1) motivación, 2) acción y 3) ambiente. Para elegir la técnica de educación adecuada para cada persona, se deben considerar las características psicoemocionales individuales, especialmente las motivaciones para el cambio y el tipo de personalidad, ya que ambos han mostrado ser buenos predictores de la conducta alimentaria. Dentro de los recursos educativos posibles de utilizar para realizar la educación en alimentación nutricional se encuentran indicaciones verbales, material escrito, uso de internet, dispositivos portátiles, aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes, e incluso la clase de cocina. La evidencia demuestra que la educación alimentaria nutricional impacta favorablemente la adherencia a las intervenciones nutricionales, lo cual a la vez se ve reflejado en efectos positivos en la salud.
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    Esteatohepatitis no-alcohólica: Desarrollo silencioso de una emergencia en salud pública
    (Soc. Chilena Nutrición, Bromatología & Toxicología, 2023) Pettinelli, Paulina; Fernandez-Verdejo, Rodrigo; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina
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    Evaluación de la ingesta alimentaria: una reflexión que nos acerque al futuro
    (2021) Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Bonilla, Diego A.; Almendra Pegueros, Rafael; Perez Lopez, Alberto; Gamero, Amparo; Santos Duarte Junior, Miguel Angelo dos; Peterman Rocha, Fanny; Lozano Lorca, Macarena; Camacho Lopez, Saby; Kammar Garcia, Ashuin; Durán Aguero, Samuel; Perez Esteve, Edgar; Fernandez Villa, Tania; Nava Gonzalez, Edna J.; Baladia, Eduard; Valera Gran, Desiree; Navarrete Munoz, Eva María
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    Issues in Measuring and Interpreting Energy Balance and Its Contribution to Obesity
    (2019) Fernández Verdejo, Rodrigo Esteban; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Galgani Fuentes, José Eduardo
    Purpose of Review: Obesogenic environment challenges individuals' ability to preserve energy homeostasis, leading to weight gain. To understand how this energy imbalance proceeds, several methods and analytical procedures to determine energy intake and expenditure are currently available. However, these methods and procedures are not exempt from issues that may lead to equivocal conclusions. Our purpose herein is to discuss major issues involved in energy balance assessment.Recent FindingsMeasurement of energy intake mostly relies on self-report methods that provide inaccurate data. In contrast, determination of energy expenditure is more accurate as long as methodological and analytical issues are correctly addressed.SummaryAccurate measurements of energy expenditure can be obtained with the current methods once issues in measuring and interpreting data are correctly addressed. However, development of new technologies to measure energy intake is imperative to further understand the small and chronic energy imbalance leading to obesity.
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    Nutritional food education: Strategies to improve adherence to a diet therapy plan
    (2022) Espejo, Juan Pablo; Tumani Karmy, María Fernanda; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Sanchez, Julieta; Parada Daza, Alejandra
    La educación alimentaria nutricional es la combinación de estrategias educativas, acompañadas de apoyos ambientales, diseñadas para facilitar la adopción voluntaria de elecciones alimentarias que conducen a un estado óptimo de salud y bienestar. La educación alimentaria nutricional tiene tres componentes: 1) motivación, 2) acción y 3) ambiente. Para elegir la técnica de educación adecuada para cada persona, se deben considerar las características psicoemocionales individuales, especialmente las motivaciones para el cambio y el tipo de personalidad, ya que ambos han mostrado ser buenos predictores de la conducta alimentaria. Dentro de los recursos educativos posibles de utilizar para realizar la educación en alimentación nutricional se encuentran indicaciones verbales, material escrito, uso de internet, dispositivos portátiles, aplicaciones de teléfonos inteligentes, e incluso la clase de cocina. La evidencia demuestra que la educación alimentaria nutricional impacta favorablemente la adherencia a las intervenciones nutricionales, lo cual a la vez se ve reflejado en efectos positivos en la salud.
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    Pomegranate peel extract counteracts palmitate-induced insulin resistance by inducing mitophagy, reducing inflammation, and regulating MAPK signaling in C2C12 myotubes
    (2025) Bustamante, Andrés; Gutiérrez, Juan; Chávez, Vilma; Lemus, Roberto; Muñoz Medina, Cristóbal; Carriel Nesvara, Alfonso; León, Emilson; Fredes González, Carolina Paz; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Parada Daza, Alejandra; Castro Sepúlveda, Mauricio; Echeverría González, Francisca
    Pomegranate peel, a by-product rich in ellagitannin-type polyphenols, was dried at 60 °C and extracted (ethanol:water, 38:62 v/v) to yield an extract characterized for total polyphenols, punicalagin, ellagic acid (Folin–Ciocalteu assay and HPLC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC). To assess its protective effects against insulin resistance induced by palmitic acid, differentiated C2C12 skeletal muscle myotubes were treated for 6 h with vehicle (0.25 % bovine serum albumin), palmitic acid (0.2 mM), or palmitic acid plus pomegranate peel extract (equivalent to 100 μM punicalagin). Insulin signaling (p-AKTSer473), mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activity, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and NF-κB activation (IκBαSer32) were quantified by Western blotting; autophagic flux was assessed via the LC3 II/I ratio; mitochondrial morphology by transmission electron microscopy; and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species by MitoSOX™ flow cytometry. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test or Friedman test with Dunn's post hoc (p < 0.05), according to data distribution. Compared to palmitic acid alone, pomegranate peel extract fully restored insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation, attenuated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species accumulation, increased the LC3 II/I ratio, induced mitophagosome formation and mitochondrial elongation, and modulated MAPK activation. In conclusion, pomegranate peel extract prevented palmitate-induced insulin resistance in muscle cells by activating mitophagy and rebalancing key signaling pathways, highlighting its potential as a functional ingredient to enhance muscle insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial health.
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    Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with lifestyle habits in adults in Chile. A cross-sectional study from the National Health Survey 2016-2017
    (2023) Pettinelli Rocha, Paulina Pilar; Fernández Mincone, Tiziana; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Barrera Martínez, Francisco; Riquelme Pérez, Arnoldo; Fernandez-Verdejo, Rodrigo
    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an excessive fat accumulation within the liver, usually associated with excess body weight. A liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is inapplicable in population-based studies. In large populations, non-invasive methods could be used, which may also serve to identify potential protective factors. We aimed to: [a] estimate NAFLD prevalence in the adult population in Chile by using non-invasive methods; and [b] determine the association between the presence of NAFLD and lifestyle habits. The National Health Survey of Chile 2016-2017 was analysed. We included individuals aged 21-75 years, without infectious diseases nor risky alcohol consumption. NAFLD was detected by either Fatty Liver Index (FLI; considers circulating triglycerides, circulating gamma-glutamyl-transferase, body mass index, and waist circumference), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP; considers sex, circulating triglycerides, and waist circumference), or their combination. Lifestyle habits were determined by questionnaires. We included 2,774 participants, representative of 10,599,094 [9,831,644-11,366,544] adults in Chile. NAFLD prevalence [95%CI] was 39.4% [36.2-42.8] by FLI, 27.2% [24.2-30.4] by LAP, and 23.5% [20.7-26.5] by their combination. The prevalence progressively increased with increasing body mass index. Less smoking, and more moderate-vigorous physical activity and whole-grain consumption were associated with lower odds of having NAFLD, independently of body mass index. At least one out of four adults in Chile is afflicted with NAFLD. Health promotion strategies focused on controlling excess body weight and promoting specific lifestyle habits are urgently required.
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    Profesionalismo en el nutricionista: ¿Qué es y cómo incorporarlo en la formación de pregrado?
    (2022) Tumani Karmy, María Fernanda; Espejo, Juan Pablo; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Fredes González, Carolina Paz; Parada Daza, Alejandra
    El profesionalismo es un pilar fundamental en la formación y ejercicio profesional de un nutricionista que implícitamente se ha incluido y desarrollado en los estándares de práctica. Recientemente se ha intentado establecer una terminología común para su definición, esta se basa en cuatro aspectos centrales: a) atributos personales como empatía, autoconciencia e inteligencia emocional, b) comunicación interpersonal, tanto con pares, otros profesionales de la salud y usuarios, c) actuar centrado en la práctica, que considera el entorno laboral en cuanto a las leyes y normativas que rigen el actuar profesional y 4) compromiso con el aprendizaje permanente, como el proceso de reflexión y autoevaluación del propio trabajo. Para garantizar un actuar profesional, la enseñanza del profesionalismo debe ser considerada de manera formal en el plan curricular, implementando distintas técnicas educativas y evaluaciones correspondientes que permitan la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades necesarias. En el proceso formativo cobra especial relevancia el contexto y ambiente en el que se desempeñan los estudiantes para un óptimo uso de recursos.
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    Reduced docosahexaenoic acid content in neonatal erythrocytes from obese mothers
    (2017) Samith Catalán, Bárbara Patricia; Farías Jofré, Marcelo Enrique; Villalobos Labra, Roberto Esteban; Solari Gajardo, Sandra; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Rojas Reyes, María José
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    Relative fat mass as an estimator of body fat percentage in Chilean adults
    (2024) Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Tumani Karmy, María Fernanda; Carrasco, Fernando; Inostroza, Jorge; Obregón, Ana Maria; Reyes, Álvaro; Pettinelli, Paulina
    Background/Objective: The Relative Fat Mass (RFM) is an alternative index to body mass index (BMI) for estimating whole body fat percentage (BF%). Our aims were to determine the accuracy of the RFM for 1) identifying individuals with elevated BF% and, 2) estimating the BF% compared to Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a Chilean adult population. Subjects/Methods: Body composition was assessed by DXA in 270 healthy participants (125 women/145 men). Anthropometric measurements were assessed to calculate RFM and BMI. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were obtained to assess the sensitivity and specificity of both, RFM and BMI. Bland–Altman analysis between BF% measured by DXA vs. predicted BF% derived from RFM was performed to assess validity. Pearson´s correlation coefficients to analyze the association between BMI, RFM and DXA were also calculated. Results: For RFM, the cut-off for elevated BF% was ≥22.7% for men and ≥32.4% for women and for BMI was ≥24.4 kg/m2 for men and ≥24.1 kg/m2 for women. The area under the ROC curve between RFM and BMI was not significantly different in men (0.970 vs. 0.959; p = 0.420) and women (0.946 vs. 0.942, p = 0.750). The Bland–Altman analysis showed that the estimation bias is more pronounced in men than in women. Conclusion: RFM is an accurate tool for identifying individuals with elevated BF%, although it was not as accurate as DXA for estimating the BF%. RFM may be an alternative method useful in primary care to select individuals for lifestyle counseling and in research to select patients for epidemiological studies.
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    Resting energy metabolism and sweet taste preference during the menstrual cycle in healthy women
    (2023) Malo-Vintimilla, Lorena; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Vergara, Angie; Fernández-Verdejo, Rodrigo; Galgani, Jose E.
    Differences in blood concentration of sex hormones in the follicular (FP) and luteal (LP) phases may influence energy metabolism in women. We compared fasting energy metabolism and sweet taste preference on a representative day of the FP and LP in twenty healthy women (25·3 (SD 5·1) years, BMI: 22·2 (SD 2·2) kg/m2) with regular self-reported menses and without the use of hormonal contraceptives. From the self-reported duration of the three prior menstrual cycles, the predicted FP and LP visits were scheduled for days 5–12 and 20–25 after menses, respectively. The order of the FP and LP visits was randomly assigned. On each visit, RMR and RQ by indirect calorimetry, sweet taste preference by the Monell two-series forced-choice tracking procedure, serum fibroblast growth factor 21 by a commercial ELISA (FGF21, a liver-derived protein with action in energy balance, fuel oxidation and sugar preference) and dietary food intake by a 24-h dietary recall were determined. Serum progesterone and oestradiol concentrations displayed the expected differences between phases. RMR was lower in the FP v. LP (5042 (SD 460) v. 5197 (SD 490) kJ/d, respectively; P = 0·04; Cohen effect size, drm = 0·33), while RQ showed borderline significant higher values (0·84 (SD 0·05) v. 0·81 (SD 0·05), respectively; P = 0·07; drm = 0·62). Also, in the FP v. LP, sweet taste preference was lower (12 (SD 8) v. 16 (SD 9) %; P = 0·04; drm = 0·47) concomitant with higher serum FGF21 concentration (294 (SD 164) v. 197 (SD 104) pg/ml; P < 0·01; drm = 0·66). The menstrual cycle is associated with changes in energy expenditure, sweet taste preference and oxidative fuel partitioning.
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    Situación Nutricional de embarazadas y lactantes haitianos atendidos en el CESFAM “Los Castaños” de la comuna de La Florida, Región Metropolitana, Chile
    (2023) Farias, Javiera; Pettinelli Rocha, Paulina Pilar; Álvarez, Paula; Deza, Luis; Vega, Camila; Yáñez Guerrero, Tania Mabel; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina
    En Chile, al 31 de diciembre del 2020 un 12,5% de los extranjeros eran de nacionalidad haitiana. Se desconoce el estado nutricional (EN) en embarazadas y lactantes; así como también la prevalencia de lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) de la población haitiana en Chile. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron comparar: (i) el EN de embarazadas haitianas y chilenas, (ii) el EN de lactantes y (iii) la duración de la LME en hijos de madres haitianas y chilenas. Para esto se analizó la base de datos de la población haitiana y chilena atendidos entre los años 2016-2019 en el Centro de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) “Los Castaños” ubicado en la comuna de La Florida. En la etapa pre-gestacional, las embarazadas haitianas presentaron mayor prevalencia de bajo peso en comparación a embarazadas chilenas (p= 0,0003), mientras que al término del embarazo presentaron una mayor prevalencia de estado nutricional normal (p= 0,0001) y menor prevalencia de obesidad (p= 0,0001). Respecto al estado nutricional de los lactantes, sólo se observaron diferencias en el primer mes de vida, donde un 82% de los lactantes haitianos tenían un EN normopeso en comparación al 24% en los lactantes chilenos (p= 0,0001). No se observaron diferencias significativas en la prevalencia de LME hasta los 6 meses entre lactantes haitianos y chilenos (35,3% vs 30%, respectivamente). Es importante mencionar que ninguno de los dos grupos de lactantes cumplió con la meta establecida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) que propone LME en los primeros seis meses de vida hasta al menos 50%. En conclusión, se evidencian diferencias en el EN de las embarazadas y lactantes de ambos países, mientras que la prevalencia de LME en ambos grupos fue similar.
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    Sobrepeso y obesidad en enfermedad celiaca : expresión del perfil de interleuquinas Th17
    (2018) Parada Daza, Alejandra; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Pérez Bravo, Francisco
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    Stress during Lactation Induces Insulin Resistance Associated with an Increase in Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptors in Liver and Adipose Tissue
    (2019) Fonseca, L.; Castillo, V.; Aguirre Polanco, Carolina; Silva, P.; Ronco, A. M.; Llanos, M.
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