I. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales
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- ItemAsentamientos populares en América Latina: trayectorias de investigación y conceptualizaciones contemporáneas para un objeto de estudio complejo(RIL Editores, 2023) Ruiz-Tagle Venero, Javier Ignacio; Valenzuela Ormeño, Felipe Eduardo; Núñez, Ana; Matus, Christian; Mosso, Emilia; Zenteno, Elizabeth; Centro de Estudios de Conflicto y Cohesión Social (COES); Instituto de Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales. Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Estudios Urbanos. Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileEste libro recopila las presentaciones de un simposio realizado durante el VI Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Antropología. Los artículos analizan las dinámicas de disputa en las ciudades y territorios por parte de sectores populares frente a la mercantilización urbana. Se destacan las tácticas y estrategias utilizadas por estas comunidades para producir su entorno. Este enfoque busca influir no solo en la academia, sino también en la toma de decisiones que afectan el hábitat, promoviendo políticas públicas y planificación urbana que reconozcan y fortalezcan las formas de producción social del espacio-tiempo utilizadas por las comunidades.
- ItemCar dependency in the urban margins: The influence of perceived accessibility on mode choice(2024) Blandin, Lola; Vecchio, Giovanni; Hurtubia González, Ricardo Daniel; CEDEUS (Chile)Car dependence is a dimension of transport poverty whose subjective components have been limitedly explored. Research on car dependence highlights the incidence of transport costs, assesses the multidimensional vulnerability of car-dependency and the possibility to access valued opportunities. However, people’s perceptions and their perceived ability to access destinations may better reflect the way they move in car dependent settings. In this paper, we aim to examine what are the determinants of perceived accessibility and to which extent perceived accessibility influences mode choices in such areas. Based on a survey carried out in four peripheral and periurban municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago de Chile, we examine how subjective perceptions of accessibility contribute to explain modal choice in the outskirts. Results show that perceived accessibility has a negative net impact on the utilities for both car and public transport, which means that a low perceived accessibility increases the likelihood of choosing motorized modes. Moreover, residents from peripheral municipalities tend to perceive a higher accessibility than households from periurban areas, who are excluded from the public transport system. These findings show the importance of providing nearby opportunities and convenient alternatives to limit car dependency, especially in periurban areas
- ItemContesting uneven development : The political geography of natural gas rents in Peru and Bolivia(2020) Irarrázaval Irarrázaval, Felipe
- ItemDesde la segregación a la exclusión residencial ¿Dónde están los nuevos hogares pobres (2000- 2017) de la ciudad de Santiago, Chile?(2021) Rasse, Alejandra; Robles Robles, María Sarella; Sabatini D., Francisco; Cáceres Quiero, Gonzalo; Trebilcock, María Paz; CEDEUS (Chile)La política de vivienda social subsidiada, de masiva aplicación durante los años noventa en Santiago de Chile, conformó una periferia popular altamente segregada. Desde el año 2000, la aplicación de este instrumento decrece, lo que se interpreta como un movimiento de expulsión de la vivienda social hacia el área periurbana de la ciudad. En este marco, este trabajo analiza la localización de las viviendas sociales construidas entre los años 2000 y 2017 en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago, para identificar patrones de expulsión, desplazamiento y/o segregación de los beneficiarios de esta política. A través de una estrategia mixta que combinó análisis de información secundaria, fotointerpretación de imágenes satelitales y entrevistas a los directores de obras de comunas periurbanas, concluimos que: 1) no existe evidencia de un proceso de desplazamiento masivo de hogares en vivienda social hacia el periurbano de la ciudad con posterioridad a la década de los noventa, y 2) la producción de vivienda social, tanto en la ciudad de Santiago como en su periurbano, es inferior a los nuevos requerimientos de vivienda, incrementando el déficit habitacional. Se concluye que el actual escenario es de exclusión de los nuevos hogares pobres del mercado de vivienda de Santiago, más que de desplazamiento o aumento de la segregación residencial.
- ItemElderly Walking Access to Street Markets in Chile: An Asset for Food Security in an Unequal Country(2023) Rojas Quezada Carolina Alejandra; Castillo, Bryan; Villegas, Rodrigo; Vecchio, Giovanni; Steiniger, Stefan; Carrasco, Juan Antonio; CEDEUS (Chile)Street markets can contribute to food security, since they are a source of fresh food and comparably inexpensive goods, being very relevant for low-income groups. Their relevance is even higher when considering older people, due to their often-constrained financial resources and possibilities to move. To assess the potential contribution of street markets to food security, this paper aims at evaluating to what extent older people have access to such a relevant asset. We consider the case of Chile, an ageing country with an unequal pension system, which makes it relevant for older people to access healthy and inexpensive food. We analyze what proportion of older people (i.e., people over 65) has walking access within 10 min to a street market—feria libre—in each Chilean region, with particular detail in the country’s four major urban areas. We compare the resulting accessibility maps with census data to identify neighborhoods with higher proportions of older people and examine their socio-economic conditions. Our findings show that while street markets are less accessible to older people in comparison to the general population, the inhabitants who can access them belong mainly to low-income groups. The results provide relevant insights to develop neighborhood-based policies for spreading and strengthening street markets, especially in low-income areas with insufficient levels of access to other relevant urban opportunities.
- ItemEstratificación, desigualdad y pacto social en el Chile actual: evaluaciones y preferencias de la población para la política pública(CEPAL, 2023) Méndez Layera, María Luisa; Barozet, Emmanuelle; Espinoza Espinoza, Vicente Iván; Contreras, Dante; Gayo, Modesto; Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Universidad de Chile; UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO; Universidad de Chile; Universidad Diego PortalesEn este informe se analiza la forma en que la estructura social imperante en Chile se vincula con las brechas sociales y los consensos con respecto a la justicia social. Se ofrece un panorama general sobre la estratificación y la desigualdad y el impacto de ambas en la política pública. De esta forma, el estudio contribuye a profundizar el debate sobre estratificación social en Chile, caracterizando a los estratos sociales en relación con su orientación política, y revelando las diferencias y zonas grises que se observan en la población chilena respecto a sus percepciones individuales y sus preferencias políticas, con el foco puesto en la coyuntura de los últimos años. Esta coyuntura ha tenido un efecto en el alineamiento político de la población chilena y en sus preferencias respecto del tipo de pacto social que necesita el país. Todo esto en un contexto económico difícil y menos posibilidades de movilidad social a través de la educación.
- ItemGlobal economic imperatives, crisis generation and local spaces of engagement in the Chilean aquaculture industry(ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2010) Floysand, Arnt; Haarstad, Havard; Barton, JonathanThe authors use the 2007 ISA virus outbreak in Chilean salmon aquaculture, coupled with insights from post-structural political ecology, as an opportunity to examine the institutional architecture and discursive hegemony of particular production strategies that silenced local experiences with the industry in favour of continuing exploitation. The authors argue that the case makes visible some of the generally relevant processes in which the generation of the crisis takes place within governance structures that involve few spaces of engagement for local actors to influence and participate in decision-making. Municipalities have few opportunities to shape the development of an industry with significant socio-economic impacts on their jurisdictions. Finally, the authors show how the crisis opens spaces of engagement for local actors and argue that sustainable governance of aquaculture depends on such spaces through which critical perspectives and warning signs can be communicated and negotiated, and through which local entrepreneurs can enter the value chain.
- ItemImpact of Land Use Diversity on Daytime Social Segregation Patterns in Santiago de Chile(MDPI, 2022) Fuentes Arce, Luis; Truffello, Ricardo; Flores, Mónica; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Latin American cities are known for their high levels of marginality, segregation and inequality. As such, these issues have been the subject of substantial discussions in academia, with the predominant approach being the study of residential segregation, or what we call “nighttime segregation”. Another dimension of urban sociability, related to labor, is what we call “daytime segregation”, which has been far less studied. This article makes an original methodological contribution to the measurement of non-residential or daytime segregation based on data from mobility surveys. It seeks to explain this segregation measurement according to the diversity and distribution of land uses, as well as other characteristics of the built stock, such as land price and built-up density. We measured daytime social mix in urban spaces, and we show how it highly relates to land use diversity in a Latin American megacity, such as Santiago, Chile. We found that land use diversity plays a key role in enhancing the daytime social diversity of urban spaces, contributing to generate a more heterogeneous city and social gatherings during working days. This research is not only a contribution to the understanding of sociability patterns in cities but is also a contribution to public policy and the work of urban planners, as it informs the development of more diverse and integrated cities, which is a key tool for strengthening democracy, the exchange of ideas, the economy and social welfare.
- ItemMobilising Rents: Natural Gas Production Networks and the Landlord State in Peru and Bolivia(WILEY, 2022) Irarrazaval, FelipeThe ongoing choreography of extractive industries asks for a deeper appraisal about the processes and scales underpinning resource extraction. This paper unpacks how the assembly between natural gas production networks, extractivist states and local politics is anchored in resource peripheries in Peru and Bolivia through contingent schemes of value distribution. From a critical production network approach, the paper examines the transformation of resource peripheries through the transfer of natural gas rents to sub-national governments and, more specifically, through investments in public infrastructure. Such investments embed natural gas production networks to local politics through three processes: providing an image of modernisation and progress; coopting local elites through corruption; and mobilising local labour. In conclusion, the articulation between production networks and extractivist states involves an entangled scheme of rent distribution that flows at very local levels and consolidates multi-scalar arrangements for resource extraction.
- ItemPero si a mí me ha ido bien con estas reglas del juego. Narrativas de primo manifestantes de derecha contra el cambio social en Chile(2022) Méndez Layera, María Luisa; Barozet, Emmanuelle; Aguilera, Carolina; Espinoza, Vicente; Guitierrez, Francisca; Jara, Daniela; Cabrera, Álvaro; Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Universidad de Chile; Universidad de Santiago; Universidad Austral; Universidad de ValparaísoEste artículo analiza las narrativas del contra movimiento que surgió en Chile a raíz del estallido social deoctubre de 2019 y del posterior plebiscito por una nueva constitución. Se pone el foco en aquellos activistasprimo manifestantes, es decir, en quienes no tenían una trayectoria de militancia o activismo político previo. Elartículo argumenta que la principal narrativa que sustenta la participación de este grupo es una defensa de loque consideran un orden social justo en la sociedad, principio amenazado por las movilizaciones del estallido.Desde su perspectiva, el orden social justo a defender es aquel definido por los principios de merecimiento.Mostraremos que esta noción pertenece a corrientes de pensamiento conservadoras y no tradicionalistas, puesno está apegada a la idea de un orden social definido por posiciones adquiridas por nacimiento. Este artículoha sido elaborado en el marco del Proyecto Escucha Activa del Centro de Estudios de Cohesión y Conflicto Social (COES), en base al análisis de 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a primo manifestantes que participaron de movilizaciones en los meses que siguieron el estallido de octubre 2019.
- ItemPoverty and dependency in indigenous rural livelihoods : mapuche experiences in the Andean foothills of Chile(2013) Parraguez Vergara, Elvis; Barton, Jonathan R.
- ItemSocio-Spatial Concerns in Urban Mobility Planning: Insights from Competing Policies in Quito(2020) Vecchio, Giovanni; Riccardo Porreca; Daniela Jácome Rivera; CEDEUS (Chile)
- ItemSocio-spatial differentiation in a Latin American metropolis: urban structure, residential mobility, and real estate in the high-income cone of Santiago de Chile(2023) Fuentes Arce, Luis; Ramírez Silva, María Inés; Rodríguez, Sebastián; Señoret, Andrés; CEDEUS (Chile)The High-Income Cone (HIC) is characteristic of the urban structure of Latin-American metropolises, consisting of a delimited area of the city where inhabitants of high socioeconomic status are located, consolidating the patterns of social segregation and inequality that are typical of those societies. Despite the urban transformations experienced by the metropolises of the continent in the last decades, little study has been done to understand the internal dynamics of HICs, which are usually considered a socially homogeneous space. This article delves into the internal complexities of the HIC of Greater Santiago, investigating its residential mobility processes and distinguishing between traditional and recent inhabitants, or ‘inheritors’ and ‘achievers’. Our results indicate the presence of parallel processes of residential mobility, where ‘achievers’ are concentrated in the apartments located in the pericentral zone of the HIC, while ‘inheritors’ move to the houses located in the extreme east. This process of permeability and filtering is conditioned by the recent trends of neoliberal urban densification and expansion, where the construction of more accessible buildings allows the arrival of certain people to the pericentral areas of the HIC, while the more exclusive houses and gated-communities far east are more accessible for inheritors.
- ItemTackling wealth accumulation in a context of social upheaval: the property tax in Chile(2023) Mendez Layera, Maria Luisa; Atriaa, Jorge; Contreras, DanteIn this paper, we ask whether progressive reforms are possible inconditions of right-wing politics and elite opposition. We studythe scope of a tax reform in the context of wealth concentration,socio-spatial segregation, political conflict and the elite’santipathy toward taxation using spatial analysis and interviewswith wealthy taxpayers and key actors. Findings show that reformwas possible at a critical juncture where increased demands fromsocial movements and opposition parties for redistributionpushed the government to change the tax bill to signalcommitment to higher progressivity and equality despite the eliteopposition
- ItemThe damages of stigma, the benefits of prestige: Examining the consequences of perceived residential reputations on neighbourhood attachment(Wiley, 2023) Otero G.; Ramond Q.; Mendez M.L.; Carranza R.; Link F.; Ruiz-Tagle J.; CEDEUS (Chile)© Urban Studies Journal Limited 2023.This study examines how perceived residential reputations – that is, how people think non-residents assess the reputation of their neighbourhood – affect neighbourhood attachment, including residents’ sense of belonging, local civic membership, social relationships and compliance with social rules and norms in the neighbourhood. We focus on Santiago, the capital city of Chile: a highly segregated context. We use data from the Chilean Longitudinal Social Survey (ELSOC, 2016–2019) and information on neighbourhood characteristics. Results show that perceived residential reputations affect neighbourhood attachment, even after adjusting for time-invariant individual heterogeneity and lagged dependent variables. Specifically, perceived stigma reduces residents’ neighbourhood identification, physical rootedness, trust and sociability with neighbours, while positive perceived reputations improve these components of neighbourhood attachment, although to a lesser extent. However, perceived residential reputations do not affect the formation of strong ties between neighbours or local participation, suggesting that residential reputations mainly influence affective components of neighbourhood attachment. We conclude that perceived residential reputations reinforce the influence of individual characteristics and objective neighbourhood conditions in producing diverging patterns of neighbourhood attachment, with broader implications for social inequality in the city.
- ItemThe forms of neighborhood cohesion: From social contact to symbolic belonging in neoliberal Santiago de Chile(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd., 2024) Señoret Swinburn Andres; Link Lazo Felipe Alejandro; Rodríguez Leiva, Sebastián Igor; Fuentes Arce, Luis Alejandro; CEDEUS (Chile)The purpose of this article is to study the neighborhood social cohesion of the inhabitants of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago, Chile (MAS), considering its recent urban transformations driven by neoliberal urban policies. Using multilevel logistic regressions based on a survey of 401 inhabitants, we identify a symbolic cohesion among residents with higher incomes, which combines a high sense of belonging with low neighborhood sociability, and a relational cohesion among the vulnerable population, based on a stronger neighborhood sociability and a low sense of belonging. These results show an influence of the geographical divide between high and low income inhabitants, accentuated by the socio-spatial segregation of the metropolis in the past decades, in addition to identifying a certain relationship between neighborhood cohesion and two of its major neoliberal trends of urban growth: the densification of its center and the development of peripheral social housing. We argue that a deeper understanding of the distinction between relational and symbolic forms of neighborhood social cohesion is relevant because, as well as allowing us to analyze the MAS case by addressing its current complexity, it provides an opportunity to discuss the way in which the concept is defined and conceived in recent literature.
- ItemThe symbolic (re)production of marginality: Social construction, internalization, and concrete consequences of territorial stigmatization in a poor neighborhood of Santiago de Chile(2024) Álvarez Vandeputte, Martín; Ruiz-Tagle V., Javier; CEDEUS (Chile)Territorial stigmatization is a socially-constructed, symbolic representation of a place created and manipulated by external agents, which, once established, becomes decisive for the future of that place and its residents. This discredit is wide and perdurable and operates 'from above,' in the media, public officials, and part of academia, and 'from below,' in everyday interactions. Through a qualitative case-study in Santiago de Chile, mainly based on interviews and participant observations, this article shows the entire process of stigmatization: how these symbolic representations are socially constructed by different actors; how they are assumed in the discourses of residents, with a variety of reactions that include submissive internalization, naturalization, and a politicized challenge; and how these representations trigger the abandonment from several actors, which is conceptualized by residents as living in 'Red Zones' of chronic institutional abandonment. We finish suggesting that stigmatization operates as an institutional mechanism that intervenes in the relationship between poverty concentration and the emergence of social problems.
- ItemTransitional habitability : solutions for post-catastrophe in Chile(2018) Wagemann Farfán, Elizabeth; Moris Iturrieta, Roberto
- ItemUrban marginality and institutional effects: Disinvestment, inefficacy, and stigmatization in Santiago de Chile(2023) Ruiz-Tagle V., Javier; Álvarez Vandeputte, Martín; Labbé, Gricel; CEDEUS (Chile)“Neighborhood effects” research, which maintains that poverty concentration generates a variety of social problems, has been questioned for concealing the role of powerful institutions. As an alternative, we focus on external institutions’ practices in marginal neighborhoods and their impact on the emergence of social problems. Through a qualitative case-study of three neighborhoods in Santiago, we observed institutional practices and identified three distinct mechanisms. Through disinvestments, these neighborhoods have been turned into “Red Zones,” because of public, private, and civil institutions’ refusal to establish themselves and to deliver their services there. Through inaction and inefficacy, public intervention has been deeply intermittent, negligent, and uncoordinated. Finally, through territorial stigmatization, these neighborhoods have almost become no-go areas. Several material and symbolic consequences have resulted from these practices, including direct and indirect connections with social problems. These have implications for the debate on “neighborhood effects” and for social mix policies.
- ItemUrban sustainability and perceived satisfaction in neoliberal cities(Elsevier Ltd, 2022) Valenzuela-Levi N.; Fuentes Arce, Luis; Ramirez M.I.; Rodriguez S.; Senoret A.; Fuentes L.; Ramirez M.I.; Rodriguez S.; Senoret A.; CEDEUS (Chile)© 2022 Elsevier LtdIn light of growing levels of urbanisation globally, the concept of urban sustainability has become an increasingly important element of the general discussion on sustainable development. However, few studies have addressed the various dimensions of sustainability and the different territorial scales on which day-to-day urban life takes place. Instances of discontent and social crisis have become commonplace in many of the world's major cities. Around the globe, inequality is seen as associated with a neoliberal urbanisation process that offers few solutions to issues of social exclusion and the climate crisis. The present work proposes the use of households' perceived satisfaction when analysing urban sustainability in neoliberal cities. Data is taken from the Sustainable Urban Development Perception Survey, conducted in the two main metropolitan areas of Chile, a country that since the 1970s has been widely considered to be a prime example of orthodox neoliberalism. We propose and test new dimensions with which to address urban sustainability, through the lens of perceived satisfaction, a key element in the analysis of the discontent that is sweeping across major cities globally.