Browsing by Author "Cabello, Javier"

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    A forest-specialist carnivore in the middle of the desert?Comments on Anabalon et al. 2019
    (2020) Moreira Arce, Darío; Silva Rodríguez, Eduardo A.; Napolitano, Constanza; D’Elía, Guillermo; Cabello, Javier; Millán, Javier; Hidalgo Hermoso, Ezequiel; Farías Piccolini Ariel Alejandro
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    Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of herpesviruses in endangered free-ranging cervids of Chile: ovine gammaherpesvirus-2-A novel threat to wild and domestic animal health in Chilean Patagonia
    (2024) Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Cabello, Javier; Lopez, Rodrigo; Vergara-Wilson, Vicente; Vera, Frank; Valencia, Carola; Sanchez, Carlos; Celis, Sebastian; Silva, Alejandra; Carinanos, Aintzane; Barria, Ismael; Vicencio, Rocio; Munoz-Leal, Sebastian; Aravena, Paula; Lagos, Rocio; Toro-Letelier, Juan; Verasay-Caviedes, Sebastian; Garnham, Antonio; Pena, Irene; Sanchez, Fernando; Moreira-Arce, Dario; Vergara, Pablo M.; Alegria-Moran, Raul; Cortes-Hinojosa, Galaxia
    Introduction Herpesvirus infections have been highlighted as emerging diseases affecting wildlife health and the conservation of several taxa. Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) and infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) are two viruses that infect wild ruminants. Nevertheless, epidemiological data on herpesviruses in South American wild ruminants are limited. An outbreak of caprine gammaherpesvirus-2 (CpHV-2) that recently was suspected as the cause of MCF in southern pudus (Pudu puda) prompted the need to conduct molecular screenings in Chilean cervids to understand the epidemiology of herpesviruses. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of herpesviruses in free-ranging cervids from Chile.Methods Herpesvirus infection was assessed in antemortem blood samples (n = 86) from pudus (n = 81) and huemuls (Hippocamelus bisulcus) (n = 5), as well as postmortem samples of spleen (n = 24) and lung (n = 3) from pudus, using a nested pan-herpesvirus PCR assay.Results Combining all suitable sample types, DNA of pudu gammaherpesvirus-1 was detected in five pudues and five huemuls, with an overall prevalence of 9.90% (n = 10/101; 95% CI = 5.11-17.87%). One pudu tested positive for ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 1/96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%), and one pudu tested positive for a Macavirus sequence with 98.63 similarity to ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (n = 96; 1.04%; 95% CI = 0.05-6.49%).Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a herpesvirus in huemul and of ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 in Chile. Our results also confirm the active circulation of herpesvirus in free-ranging cervids in Chilean Patagonia, and as such, MCF should be considered as a possible cause of disease in free-ranging Chilean pudus and livestock species. Further research is necessary to develop a plan of systematic monitoring (serological and pathological screening) of herpesviruses in Chilean wild and domestic ruminants to understand their diversity and impact on animal health and conservation.
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    Scale-dependent habitat use from an individual-based perspective: the case of the endangered Darwin's fox living in heterogeneous forest landscapes
    (2021) Moreira-Arce, Dario; Cabello, Javier; Meneses, Luis O.; Norambuena, Katherine; Perez-Hernandez, Christian G.; Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Alaniz, Alberto J.; Vergara, Pablo M.
    Context Understanding how rare and threatened species respond to habitat heterogeneity at different spatial scales requires unbiased population-level parameters incorporating individual variability in occurrence and detection probabilities.
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    SEROSURVEY FOR SELECTED PARASITIC AND BACTERIAL PATHOGENS IN DARWIN'S FOX (LYCALOPEX FULVIPES): NOT ONLY DOG DISEASES ARE A THREAT
    (2022) Hidalgo-Hermoso, Ezequiel; Cabello, Javier; Verasay, Juan; Moreira-Arce, Dario; Hidalgo, Marcos; Abalos, Pedro; Borie, Consuelo; Galarce, Nicolas; Napolitano, Constanza; Sacristan, Irene; Cevidanes, Aitor; Ramirez-Toloza, Galia; Farias, Ariel; Di Cataldo, Sophia; Lagos, Rocio; Millan, Javier
    The Darwin's fox (Lycalopex fulvipes) is one of the most endangered carnivores worldwide, with the risk of disease spillover from domestic dogs being a major conservation threat. However, lack of epidemiologic information about generalist, non-dog-transmission-dependent protozoal and bacterial pathogens may be a barrier for disease prevention and management. To determine the exposure of some of these agents in Darwin's fox populations, 54 serum samples were collected from 47 Darwin's foxes in Southern Chile during 2013-18 and assessed for the presence of antibodies against Brucella abortus, Brucella canis, Coxiella burnetii, pathogenic Leptospira (serovars Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Canicola, Hardjo, and Copehageni), Toxoplasma gondii, and Neospora caninum. The highest seroprevalence was detected for T. gondii (78%), followed by pathogenic Leptospira (14%). All the studied Leptospira serovars were confirmed in at least one animal. Two foxes seroconverted to Leptospira and one to T. gondii during the study period. No seroconversions were observed for the other pathogens. No risk factors, either intrinsic (sex, age) or extrinsic (season, year, and degree of landscape anthropization), were associated with the probability of being exposed to T. gondii. Our results indicate that T. gondii exposure is widespread in the Darwin's fox population, including in areas with minimal anthropization, and that T. gondii and pathogenic Leptospira might be neglected threats to the species. Further studies identifying the causes of morbidity and mortality in Darwin's fox are needed to determine if these or other pathogens are having individual or population-wide effects in this species.
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    Species delimitation and intraspecific diversification in recently diverged South American foxes
    (2024) Pizarro, Eduardo J.; Julio-Kalajzic, Bernardita; Sallaberry-Pincheira, Nicole; Munoz, Valentina; Gonzalez-Acuna, Daniel; Cabello, Javier; Acosta-Jamett, Gerardo; Bonacic, Cristian; Iriarte, Agustin; Rodriguez, Alejandro; Travaini, Alejandro; Cevidanes, Aitor; Brito, Jose Luis; Millan, Javier; Marin, Juan Carlos; Vianna, Juliana A.
    The divergence between the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) and the South American gray fox (L. griseus) represents a recent speciation event in South America. These taxa are partially sympatric and share biological, morphological, and ecological traits. Previous studies failed to recover reciprocal monophyly, suggesting the occurrence of introgression or incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Here, we obtained mitochondrial and nuclear markers for 140 L. culpaeus and 134 L. griseus from the Southern Cone of South America to assess their inter and intraspecific divergence. We recovered reciprocal monophyly of L. culpaeus and L. griseus, with mild signatures of introgression or ILS. Therefore, taxonomic misidentification and the use of a limited number of markers may be the main reason behind the past debate about the delimitation of both species. Two main divergent clades were found in L. culpaeus with a phylogeographical boundary in the High Plateau of northeastern Chile. The southern clade along with three northern sub-clades corresponded to four morphological subspecies. Less genetic differentiation was found in L. griseus with a spatial population structure that does not support the occurrence of distinct subspecies. The results found in this study suggest the extant evolutionary significant units that need to be considered for biological conservation management of these species.
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    Widespread Infection with Hemotropic Mycoplasmas in Free-Ranging Dogs and Wild Foxes Across Six Bioclimatic Regions of Chile
    (MDPI, 2021) Di Cataldo, Sophia; Cevidanes, Aitor; Ulloa Contreras, Claudia; Sacristan, Irene; Penaloza Madrid, Diego; Vianna, Juliana; Gonzalez Acuna, Daniel; Sallaberry Pincheira, Nicole; Cabello, Javier; Napolitano, Constanza; Hidalgo Hermoso, Ezequiel; Acosta Jamett, Gerardo; Millan, Javier
    Blood samples of 626 rural dogs, 140 Andean foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus), and 83 South American grey foxes (L. griseus) from six bioregions of Chile spanning 3000 km were screened for Mycoplasma DNA by conventional PCR and sequencing. Risk factors of infection were inferred using Generalized Linear Mixed Models and genetic structure by network analyses. Overall, Mycoplasma haemocanis/Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhc/Mhf) and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum (CMhp) observed prevalence was 23.8% and 12.8% in dogs, 20.1% and 7.2% in Andean foxes, and 26.5% and 8.4% in grey foxes, respectively. Both hemoplasmas were confirmed in all the bioregions, with higher prevalence in those where ticks from the Rhipicephalus sanguineus species group were absent. Candidatus M. haematominutum and a Mycoplasma sp. previously found in South American carnivores were detected in one fox each. Although the most prevalent Mhc/Mhf and CMhp sequence types were shared between dogs and foxes, network analysis revealed genetic structure of Mhc/Mhf between hosts in some regions. Male sex was associated with a higher risk of Mhc/Mhf and CMhp infection in dogs, and adult age with CMhp infection, suggesting that direct transmission is relevant. No risk factor was identified in foxes. Our study provides novel information about canine hemoplasmas with relevance in distribution, transmission routes, and cross-species transmission.